Chapter 11- Blood

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Chapter 11- Blood Immunity

• Chapter 11 of your text includes
• Blood types
• Blood parts
• Blood Clotting
• Immune
  System

Todays topic ? Blood Types
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History of Blood Type!

• What is Blood Type?
• In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered there were 4
  blood types.
• He called these "A, B, AB, O".
• Knowledge of blood types helps with transfusions.
  
• If they don't match - illness or death could
  result.

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Karl Landsteiner

• An American of Austrian descent
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in
  1930 for his work to identify blood types.

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B) What He observed!

• Noticed that when some blood was
  mixed with another it freely
  intermingled
• Other times when blood was mixed it would stick
  in clumps.
• These clumps are called AGGLUTINATION

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B) What He observed.

• Landsteiner's work saved many lives on the
  battlefields of WW I
• Transfusions of compatible blood were first
  performed on a large scale at this time.

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C) Why Blood Agglutinates!

• All cells have protein markers on their membranes
  called ? ANTIGENS
• Each of our cells have unique antigens that
  identify you as you.
• That is why when we receive donor organs we
  sometimes reject them as foreign material.
• This is called an immune response!

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C) Why Blood Agglutinates

• Red Blood Cells are no different
• Type A have
  Antigen A
• Type B have
  Antigen B
• Type AB have both
• Type O have none

SO WHAT?
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C) Why Blood Agglutinates

• Our bodies make Y-shaped ANTIBODIES to
  attack foreign
  ANTIGENS.
• On a first transfusion the blood freely mixes.
• In the meantime you develop ANTIBODIES
• The next transfusion
  with the wrong blood
  type may be FATAL.

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D) Blood Donors Antigens Antibodies!

• Universal Donor type O Blood
• Possess no antigens to set off an immune response
  ? freely mixes with all types of blood (given in
  the ER)
• Universal Recipient type AB Blood
• Possess both antigens, therefore no immune
  response will be made ? can receive blood from
  anyone. (Who can Type AB donate to?)
• What blood type can A receive from? B? or O?

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D) Blood Donors Antigens
Antibodies!

• Fill in the following table

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E) Inheritance of Blood Type!

• Both A B blood are dominant to type O
• Also type A B share equal dominance that is why
  we have people type AB
• Lets do a cross
• Mom is AA, Dad is BB, what are the kids?
• Mom is BO, Dad is AO, what are the kids?
• Dad is AO, Mom is AB, what are the kids?
• Dad is OO, Mom is OO, what are the kids?

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F) Sample Problems!

• State whether the blood mixes or clumps
• A person with A type blood receives from AB or B
  donors?
• A person of O type blood receives from type A, B
  or AB donors?
• A person of type AB receives from type A or O
  donor?
• What blood type in the universal donor
  recipient? State Why?

ALL DONE?
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F) Sample Problems!

• Determine the inheritance of blood type!
• What is the blood type of a child who gets an A
  from Mom O from Dad?
• What is the blood type of a child who gets an A
  from Dad B from Mom?
• What is the blood type of a child who gets an O
  from both parents?
• Mom is AA, Dad is AO ? results?
• Mom is BB, Dad is BO ? results?
• Mom is AB, Dad is OO ? results?
• Mom Dad are AB ? results?

ALL DONE?
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• RH incompatibility test and treatment.
• a. RH negative women carrying RH positive
  baby is a problem.
• b. First pregnancy leads to mother producing
  antibodies against RH antigens during birth
  (Blood mixes...).
• c. Second pregnancy will see antibodies
  from mom cross the placenta and harm fetal
  blood cells causing anemia and even
  death.

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• RH -ve women now given anti RH serum (RHoGAM)
  after birth to destroy antigens and prevent
  formation of antibodies.

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• The immune system will attack blood with
  foreign antigens but will ignore the absence
  of antigens.
• a. AB is a universal recipient
• b. O- is a universal donor.

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What Now?

• Video ? Immune System To Defend and Repair
• Text reading Chapter 11 p. 270-291
• Brush up on Rh factor for tomorrow
• Chapter 11 review booklet tomorrow