Anatomy of Bones

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Anatomy of Bones
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Bones

• Upper extremity
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• humerus
• Ulna
• Radius
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• phalanges
• Torso
• Sternum
• Xiphoid process
• Ribs (12)

• Head
• 1.Frontal
• 2 occipital
• 3 parietal
• 4 Temporal
• Neck and spine
• CervicalC1-C7
• ThoracicT1-T12
• Lumbar L1-L5
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

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Bones continued

• Lower extremity
• Pelvis
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Calcaneous
• Talus
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Anatomy

• Types of Bones
• Long-curved and long
• Femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna,
  phalanges, metatarsal/metacarpal
• Most commonly injured
• Short- cubed shaped, they are spongy bone except
  at the surface,
• Wrist- carpals
• Foot- tarsals
• Flat- thin and composed of two nearly parallel
  plates of compact bone
• Ex. Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula
• Irregular- compact - vertebrae
• Sutural or Wormian- small bones located between
  the joints of certain cranial bones. Soft spot
  on your head

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Types of bones cont.

• Sesamoid- small bones wrapped in your tendons
• 1st metatarsal
• Spongy- short, carpals, tarsals
• Compact- vertebrae

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Anatomy of bone Structure

• Diaphysis- main shaft of the long bone- hollow
  and covered by compact bone or periosteum
• Epiphysis-end of long bones provide for muscle
  attachments
• Metaphysis- the wider part at the end of the long
  bone- adjacent to the epiphyseal plate
• Articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage- joint
  surfaces
• Periosteum- covering of long bone. Interlacing
  with the periosteum are fibers from the
  muscle/tendons
• Medullary-hollow tube in the long bone contains a
  yellow fatty marrow
• Endosteum- lining the medullary cavity

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Type of joints

• Gliding- where bones glide over one another.
• Ex. Vertebrae, tarsals, carpals
• Hinge- one surface is round that fits into
  another concave surface.
• Ex. Elbow, knee motion flex/ext
• Ball and Socket-movement in many planes/axis,
  such as ext/flex, int/ext rotation,
  abd/adduction, circumduction
• Ex. Hip and shoulder
• Condyloid-movement similar to ball/socket but in
  two planes forward/backward, flex/extension,
  abd/adduction
• Ex. Wrist, metacarpal phalangeal joint
• Saddle- flex/extension, add/abduction
  circumduction
• Ex. thumb
• Pivot- rotation-movement in one plane about one
  axis.
• Ex. Radio-ulnar joint

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Anatomical Movements

• Anterior/Posterior
• Medial/Lateral
• Superior/Inferior
• Supine/Prone
• ______________
• 1 flexion
• 2 extension
• 3 abduction
• 4 adduction
• 5 internal rotation
• 6 external rotation

• 7 pronation
• 8 Supination
• 9 Dorsi flexion
• 10 plantar flexion
• 11 Circumduction
• 12 inversion
• 13 Eversion
• 14 horizontal flexion/extension
• 15 protraction/retraction

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ROM is predetermined by

• 1.Flexibility of muscles
• 2.flexibility of tendons
• 3.Flexibility of ligaments
• 4. By size
• 5.Factors of use
• 6.Injury
• 7.Age
• 8.Angle of the joint
• 9.Disease

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Anatomical names

• Rectus
• Parallel to the midline
• Ex. Rectus abdominis, rectus femoris
• Transverse
• Perpendicular to the midline
• Ex. Transverse abdominis
• Oblique
• Diagonal to the midline
• Ex. External Oblique or Internal oblique
• Maximus
• Large
• Ex. Gluteus Maximus
• Medius
• Middle
• Ex. Gluteus medius
• Minimus
• Small
• Ex. Gluteus minimus, flexor digiti minimi

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

• Longus
• Long
• Ex. Flexor hallicus longus, adductor longus
• Brevis
• Short
• Adductor brevis, peroneal brevis
• Latissimus
• Triangular
• Ex. Latissimus dorsi
• Longissimus
• Long
• Ex. Longissimus thoracis
• Magnus
• Large
• Ex. Adductor magnus
• Major
• Larger muscle
• Pectoralis major
• Minor

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

• Deltoid-
• triangular
• Serratus-
• saw toothed
• Serratus anterior
• Rhomboid-
• rhomboid shape
• Rhomboid major or minor
• Quadratus-
• 4 sided
• Quadratus lumborum
• Flexor/Extensor
• Flexor/ extensor carpi radialis
• Abductor/adductor
• Abductor/adductor hallicus longus

• Levator-
• Elevates
• Levator scapula
• Supinator
• Supination
• Supinator
• Pronator-
• Pronation
• Pronator teres
• Rotator-
• Rotation
• Rotator cuff
• Biceps /triceps-
• Two/three heads
• Bicep brachii/tricep brachii
• Quadriceps-
• four