WHI: SOL 12a

1
WHI SOL 12a

• Four Nations of Europe
• 1000-1500 a.d.

2
Nations Emerge

• Nations of Europe begin to emerge after 1000
  a.d.
• Characteristics of nation-states included
• defined territory,
• a central government,
• and a common culture.
• As the power of the Church declined new monarchs
  were emerging in Europe who consolidated their
  power and made their kingdoms strong under their
  central authority.

3
England

• A nation-state was created in England with the
  emergence of Common Law under Henry II, the Magna
  Carta under King John, Parliament under Edward I,
  and a unified country under Henry VII.

4
England

• William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman
  Conquest, united most of England.
• Common law had its beginnings during the reign of
  Henry II.

5
England

• England faced invasion from the Angles and Saxons
  and Vikings. (700-1000 a.d.)
• In 1066 The Normans (led by William the
  Conqueror) raided and then settled in England.
• William battled the English
• King Harold at the
• Battle of Hastings.

6
The Domesday Book

• William wanted to know just what he had
  conquered.
• He ordered a Census of every person, animal,
  piece of farm equipment and piece of land.
• This census was called the Domesday Book because
  no one could escape from it.

7
Henry II

• At the time of Henry II, each region or kingdom
  in England had its own set of laws. Henry wanted
  to establish a common law throughout England.
• He established a royal court which traveled
  throughout England hearing court cases and
  applying the same law at each one

8
England

• King John signed the Magna Carta (Great Charter),
  limiting the kings power.
• The Hundred Years War between England and France
  helped define England as a nation.

9
King John(The king who flushed his kingdom down
the John)

• Henrys son became king.
• King John was highly corrupt and made many
  mistakes during his reign. (Think Robin Hood!!)
• Corruption
• He threw people in jail without a trial.
• He also placed heavy taxes on his barons, much
  to their resentment.

10
The Magna Carta

• King Johns corruption and heavy taxation of the
  Nobles caused them to rebel against him.
• In 1215 at Runnymede, they forced him to sign the
  Magna Carta (Great Charter) which limited the
  power of the English Monarch.

11
Ideas in the Magna Carta

• The Magna Carta required the King to proclaim
  certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect
  certain legal procedures, and accept that his
  will could be bound by the law
• The Magna Carta also instituted the idea of
  Habeas Corpus, which meant you could not be held
  in jail without due cause.

12
England

• Evolution of Parliament
• English kings often consulted the Great Council
  for advice (due to the Magna Carta)
• Became Parliament
• King Edward I summoned Parliament and claimed
  what touches all should be approved by all
• Chose common representatives to join the lords
  and the clergy
• Parliament later gains the power of the purse
• The right to approve any new taxes

13
Hundred Years War

• The Hundred Years War (13371453) was fought
  between France and England over land rights in
  France.
• Use of cannons made castles obsolete.
• The longbow was used.
• Use of knights and armor decreased.
• Use of professional armies increased.
• A sense of nationalisma feeling of loyalty to
  ones country and peopleemerged.

14
The Hundred Years War

• This war was a conflict between England and
  France.
• There were several factors which led to the war.
• England had lands which it claimed in France
• England and France were in competition for
  Flanders.
• Edward had a claim to the French throne, but the
  French were outraged at the idea of having an
  English King.
• Both sides welcomed war as a chance to assert
  their own agendas.

15
Gunpowder

• The French were eventually able to win the war
  because of Gunpowder.
• The French developed cannons and were able to
  defeat the English.
• The French achieved victory in 1453.

16
France

• A nation-state was created in France with the
  emergence of a strong government under Philip II
  and Philip IV, a permanent army and taxation
  under Charles VII, and expansion under Louis XI.

17
France

• Hugh Capet established the French throne in
  Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their
  control over most of France.
• Made the throne hereditary
• Add to their lands by playing nobles against one
  another
• Won the support of the Church
• Built an effective bureaucracy to collect taxes
  and impose royal law

18
Hugh Capet

• The King appointed by the great lords was Hugh
  Capet, he was the count of Paris or the Île de
  France.
• Capet made himself more powerful by having the
  lords also elect his son as co-ruler and making
  the office hereditary. This established the
  Capetian Dynasty.

19
Capetian Dynasty
20
Expansion of Power

• Philip II- called Philip Augustus
• Paid middle-class officials for government
  positions who owed him loyalty
• Louis IX- persecuted heretics and non-Christians
• Sent out roving officials to check on local
  administrators
• Expanded royal courts to ensure justice
• Forbade private wars among nobles
• Ended serfdom
• Philip IV-raised funds by taxing the clergy
• Clash with Pope Boniface, threatened to arrest
  any clergy who did not pay taxes, sent troops to
  arrest the pope

21
Philip Augustus (Philip II)

• Philip Augustus added more territory to France
  when he defeated King John of England and seized
  English holdings in French territory.
• Before that Philip had fought in the Third
  Crusade with Richard the Lion Hearted.

22
Philip IV (Philip the Fair)

• When Philip IV was fighting with the Pope he
  decided to call a body which could vote to give
  him money to fund his struggle. This body became
  known as the Estates General
• This body was made up of three parts
• The First Estate Church Officials
• The Second Estate Nobility
• The Third Estate Townspeople

23
France

• The Hundred Years War between England and France
  helped define France as a nation. (1337-1453)
• Joan of Arc was a unifying factor.

24
The Hundred Years War

• The war officially stared when King Philip VI of
  France took English holdings and Edward III
  declared war on France.
• What occurred was a 116-year conflict that
  changed the two countries.
• Helped define France as a nation

25
Orleans

• At the battle of Orleans, Joan was able to lead
  the French troops to victory.
• Joan was, however, captured by the English in
  1430 and was burned as a heretic.
• She became a martyr and symbol for the French in
  the war.

26
Spain

• A nation-state was created in Spain with the
  unification of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand
  and Isabella. Religious unity was created by the
  Reconquista, the Inquisition, and the expulsion
  of the Jews and Muslims.

27
Spain

• Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country
  (Aragon and Castile) and expelled Jews and Moors
  (African Muslims).
• Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded
  under Charles V.

28
Spain

• Ferdinand and Isabella
• In Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
  eliminated the power of the Nobles.
• They took control of the national church.
• They tried to make Iberia (Spain and Portugal)
  homogeneous.
• Reconquista Ferdinand and Isabella forced all
  non-Catholics to leave Spain or convert to
  Christianity.

29
The Spanish Inquisition

• Ferdinand and Isabella forced all Spanish to
  convert to Roman Catholic
• Non-believers were encouraged to renounce their
  religion and convert

30
The Spanish inquisition

• Many non-believers were burned at the stake or
  subjected to harsh torture to force confessions
  of heresy

31
Russia

• A nation-state was created in Russia with the
  enlargement of the Moscow Kingdom under Ivan I,
  the freedom from the Mongol Yoke under Ivan III
  (Ivan the Great), and the codification of laws
  under Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).

32
(No Transcript)
33
Russia

• Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols,
  centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the
  Russian nation.
• Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar.
• The Orthodox Church influenced unification.

34
Russia

• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)- centralized royal
  power
• Limiting privileges of traditional noble families
• Gave land to nobles in exchange for military or
  other services
• Reinforced serfdom and the feudal system
• Ivan became unstable
• Had agents of terror who rode around enforcing
  the tsars will

35
(No Transcript)
36
The Holy Roman Empire

• The Eastern part of Charlemagnes Kingdom later
  became known as the Holy Roman Empire (later
  Germany).
• The territory was broken into divisions known as
  duchies ruled by dukes.
• These dukes elected a king,
• but he originally did not
• have a lot of power.

37
Central and Eastern Europe

• The Holy Roman Empire was different from France,
  England, and Spain in that it never consolidated
  power under a strong king.
• In 1438 The Hapsburg dynasty gained power over
  the office of Holy Roman Emperor.
• In Eastern Europe different religious groups came
  into conflict
• Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians and
  Muslims began to fight each other.

38
Otto I

• Otto was elected king and consolidated power by
  defeating many of the nobles of Germany who had
  taken land from the kingdom.
• He later moved into Italy and reclaimed much of
  the territory which had been ruled by
  Charlemagne.
• After assisting the Pope with a revolt he was
  crowned Emperor of the Romans, thus beginning
  the Holy Roman Empire.