War, Nationalism, and Westward Expansion

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War, Nationalism, and Westward Expansion

• Chapter 3

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War of 1812

• As we learned in the last unit, in 1803 the
  Napoleonic Wars broke out between France and
  Great Britain.
• Once again the United States was caught in the
  middle.
• Both French and British warships would stop
  American merchant ships.
• The British also began a policy of impressment,
  or seizing Americans at sea and drafting them
  into the British navy.

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War of 1812 (cont.)

• Britain helped Native Americans in their fight
  against American Settlers moving into new lands.
  
• In response to British aid to Native Americans
  and forced drafts, a group of young congress
  members know as the War Hawks began calling for
  war with Britain to protect American interests.
• Soon, the War of 1812 began.

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War of 1812

• The War of 1812 was the second war between
  British and American forces. The war took place
  throughout the colonies, and Britain established
  a naval blockade in the Atlantic.

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War of 1812 (cont.)

• In the final battle of the war, American won a
  decisive victory.
• On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led
  American troops against a large British force in
  New Orleans and defeated it.
• Through the combined efforts of the states,
  America worked together to defeat the British
  troops.
• The victory led to a great sense of nationalism
  amongst the Americans.

Battle of New Orleans
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Post-war nationalism and foreign policy

• With the rise in nationalism (the belief that the
  interests of the nation as a whole are more
  important than regional interests or the
  interests of other countries) came new policies
  for America.
• The Monroe Doctrine declared the Americas
  off-limits to European colonization.

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Post-War Domestic Policy

• Muculloch V. Maryland- 1819The issue After the
  Second Bank of the United States was authorized
  by Congress, Maryland fought back by imposing a
  tax on all banks not chartered by the state. The
  U.S. branch bank manager in this city refused to
  pay the tax.The ruling The Supreme Court ruled
  that Congress had implied powers under the
  Constitution's Sweeping Clause to create a
  national bank and that Maryland lacked the power
  to tax the bank. This case became a legal
  keystone of later expansions of federal power.

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Post-War Domestic Policy

• Gibbons v. Ogden -- 1824The issue Steamboat
  operator Aaron Ogden was granted a monopoly to
  run his boats on the Empire States waters, a
  power that was challenged by a competitor.The
  ruling The court ruled that, under this
  Constitutional clause, states could not interfere
  with the power of Congress to regulate interstate
  commerce. This decision has been called "the
  emancipation proclamation of American commerce"

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Nationalism and foreign policy

• The Monroe Doctrine established the idea that
  further outside colonization was dangerous to
  our peace and safety. If the United States
  stayed out of European affairs, Europe was
  expected to stay out of American affairs.
• The Adams-Onis Treaty- The United States acquired
  Florida. This also established a firm boundary
  between the Louisiana purchase and Spanish
  territory. The treaty also allowed American
  settlers to travel to Oregon for 10 years.

10
Sectionalism Emerges

• By 1820 there was a tension between free states
  and slave states. When Missouri petitioned to
  join the union as a state, it caused an uproar.
  Half of the states in the Union were free states,
  while half were slave states. This exact balance
  provided equal representation in the senate.
  Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state
  which would upset the balance.
• The Situation was resolved through the Missouri
  Compromise- under this agreement Missouri was
  admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted
  as a free state.
• Sectionalism (the belief that ones own section,
  or region, of the country is more important than
  the whole) began to emerge.

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Sectionalism
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The Age of Jackson

• In 1824 Andrew Jackson, a popular hero of the War
  of 1812, ran for president.
• Jackson lost to John Quincy Adams but after
  Adamss unpopular presidency, Jackson was elected
  to office in 1828.
• Jacksons presidency is often called the Age of
  Jackson.
• It was characterized by conflict with the Native
  Americans, conflict over the national bank, and
  increasing sectionalism.

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The Age of Jackson (cont.)

• White settlers sought to claim Native American
  lands. Jackson sought to remove Native Americans
  in the regions they occupied in America.
• Indian Removal Act- This act called for the
  relocation of the five Native American Nations to
  an area west of the Mississippi river called
  Indian territory.
• These five groups were the Cherokee, Choctaw,
  Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek.
• Under U.S. Army supervision many Native Americans
  were forced to march West, hundreds of miles, to
  Indian Territory.

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Indian Removal Act 1830
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The Trail of Tears

• Trail of Tears- The march which the Indian
  Nations undertook under the Indian Removal Act.
• Conditions on the marches were miserable.
  Exposure, malnutrition, and disease took their
  toll.
• So many Cherokee people suffered and died that
  their journey became know as the trail of tears,
  a term which symbolizes the suffering of all of
  the nations.

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The National Bank Under Jackson

• One hotly contested issue during Jacksons
  presidency was the Second Bank of the United
  States, a national bank overseen by the federal
  government. The purpose of the bank was to
  regulate state banks.
• Jackson and other Americans opposed the Second
  National Bank. They argued that the Constitution
  did not give congress the authority to create a
  national bank
• What political party that we have learned about
  would have held this view?
• Jackson sealed the fate of the bank. He ordered
  his secretary of the treasury to take all of the
  money out of the national bank and put it into
  select state banks. They became known as pet
  banks because they were loyal to Jackson.

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Conflict Over States Rights

• The controversy over the national bank was
  largely a dispute over how power should be
  divided between federal government and state
  government.
• Northern states and southern states also clashed
  over tariffs. Northerners liked tariffs because
  they made northern goods more competitive.
  Southerners resented having to pay more for
  manufactured goods.
• In 1832 the south put the nullification theory
  into place in which they could consider an unfair
  law null and void.
• At this time South Carolina threatened to secede
  over tariffs.
• Henry Clay resolved the issue by reducing tariffs
  for ten years. However, tensions were heightened
  between the north and south.

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Nullification Crisis
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Conflicts, Expansion, and Sectionalism

• Native Americans continued to be pushed Westward
  as America sought to expand its settlements.
• Through domestic policies the north and south
  began to split over governmental decision.
• Sectionalism began to eradicate the strong sense
  of nationalism which was in place shortly after
  the War of 1812.