WHAP review

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WHAP review
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Foundation

• Review

3
The Big Thematic Picture

• Theme 1 Patterns and effects of interaction
• Theme 2 Dynamics of changes and continuity
• Theme 3 Effects of technology, economics and
  demographics

4

• Theme 4 Systems of social structure and gender
  structure
• Theme 5 Cultural, intellectual and religious
  developments
• Theme 6 Changes in functions and structures of
  states

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Some Things to Remember

• Exchange of goods and ideas over large distances
  the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the
  Mediterranean Trade
• The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the
  pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary
  civilization
• As sedentary civilizations developed, social
  structures and gender roles cemented

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• Major world religions developed during this
  period and spread along trade routes
• Civilizations became more complex and structured
  as time moved on

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The Bookends

• 8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture
  and its spread to the four River Valley
  Civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley,
  Huang He)
• 600 CE marks the time by which all the classic
  empires had fallen

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Details- Neolithic Revolution

• Early modern humans seemed to have developed
  farming over time, dropping seeds one year and
  then harvesting the crops the next. This led
  to settled, formal farming
• Domestication and breeding of animals was also an
  important invention

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• Some humans decided to settle in villages and
  soon were able to create a surplus of food. This
  led to diversification of labor, the creation of
  government structures, and the payment of taxes!
• Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and
  move with their animal herds

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Details- Technology

• Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron.
  These increasingly harder metals aided
  agriculture tremendously. They also provided
  increasingly sophisticated weapons
• Wheel- first used by the Sumerians proved
  helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare

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• Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills,
  aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the
  water needs of large populations as well as the
  irrigation required in drier areas

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Details- Demography

• Worlds population increased rapidly with the
  advent of farming and domesticated animals
• Waves of diseases plagues increase in frequency
  with increased population density
• Many classic empires promote population expansion

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Details- Social and Gender Structures

• Ownership of land signified power
• Kings were usually divine and had absolute power
• Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men
  worked in the fields while women stayed in the
  house
• Whos Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power
• Religion cements and justifies social and gender
  structure

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Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

• Emergence of religions- the emergence of the
  Classical Age or Axial Age (emergence of core
  belief or philosophical structures of a society)
• Monumental architecture- Kings show off their
  power by building big buildings for either
  themselves or the states religion

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• Writing as record keeping become paramount,
  writing develops
• Mathematics- number systems develop, India
  creates the Arabic numbers and algebra
• Engineering

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Details- Structure and Function of State

• First- relatively small states city-states
• Then- large coercive tribute empires
• Empires followed Conrad Demarest model- grow
  large and wealthy, then too large and fragment
• Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the
  enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus
  allows for a large army

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Trade- Cant live without it!

• Trade, especially over land is important
• Begins as relatively informal networks
• Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development
  of long-distance trade
• Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel
• Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean
• Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west
• Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel west
  to east

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Movement of People

• Bantu Migration across Africa
• Polynesian Migration across Pacific Ocean

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600-1450

• Review

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The Six Things to Remember

1. Tremendous growth in trade due to improvements in
   technology
2. Major technological developments
3. Movement of people greatly altered the world
4. Religion preached equality of all before God
5. Spread of religion and trade acted as a unifying
   force
6. Political structures of many areas adapted and
   changed to the new conditions of the world

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The Bookends

• 600- great classical empires have fallen
• 632- coming of Islam
• 1000- trade increases both by land and sea
• 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk
  Roads
• 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic

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Details- Growth in Trade

• Long Distance trade increased tremendously
• Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace
  (Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire)
• Indian Ocean Trade
• Trans-Saharan Trade
• Mediterranean Trade

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Details- Technology

• Maritime
• Compass (south pointing needle)
• Improved ship building technology (rudders,
  hulls, sails)
• Overland
• Camel saddle
• Stirrup
• Defense
• Short bow
• gunpowder

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Details- Movement of peoples

• Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further
  south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu
  languages)
• Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe
  and even the new world. (Viking ships horses of
  other nomads)
• Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward
  from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague
  to China and Europe

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• Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands
  in the Pacific

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Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure

• Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
  preached equality of all peoples (social classes
  as well as genders)
• Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal
• Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity
  allow women to have monastic roles, which gives
  them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for
  women sheiks

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Details- Spread of Religions and trade spread of
cultural ideas

• Christianity spread in Europe and eastern
  Mediterranean. Unifying force during political
  fragmentation
• Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where
  islands had a trade relationship with India
• Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it
  expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

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• Confucianism spread as Chinas influence grew in
  East and SE Asia

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Details- Governments

• Centralized Empires
• Tang and Song in China
• Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean
• Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater Central
  Asia
• Decentralized Regions
• Western Europe
• Japan
• Mongol Empire (changed political and economic
  structures)

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Changes and Continuities

• Change Classic empires have fallen and new ones
  have been created
• Change migrations of nomadic peoples cause major
  international changes and diffusion of ideas and
  diseases
• Continuity religion continues to be important
  and continues to spread

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• Continuity trade routes continue to grow in
  importance
• Continuity societies continue to be patriarchal

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1450-1750
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6 Things to Remember

• Americas are included in world trade for the
  first time
• Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology
  continue
• Populations are in transition
• New social structures emerge based on race and
  gender
• Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but
  reinforced in China
• Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic

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The Bookends

• 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic Empires
• 1450- beginning of global trade
• 1492- End of Islam in Europe
• 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions
• 1750- beginning of industrialization
• 1750- western hemisphere colonization peaks

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Details- Going Global

• Trade is extended through all parts of the world
• Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes
  and attempts to control them through choke
  points- fail
• Europe uses American raw materials- especially
  silver- to trade with Asia
• Columbian Exchange

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Details- Technology

• Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a
  result of the crusades and experiments by Henry
  the Navigator
• Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and
  cannons

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Details- Demography

• Disease killed millions of native Americans
• Africans were forcibly transported to the new
  world for work in plantation agriculture
• Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were
  brought from the new world
• Populations migrated to harsher climates as food
  crops became available
• Populations migrated from the old world to the
  new world

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Details- Social and Gender structures

• Americas- Castas system
• Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)- women in the
  harems wielded considerable power behind the
  scenes
• China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and
  Scholar Gentry

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Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

• Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the
  power of the Catholic Church and challenges old
  beliefs
• China ends contact with the outside world as
  neo-Confucianism dominates

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Details- Structure and Function of State

• Empire remains the predominant political
  structure. It is a coercive tribute system
• European states such as Spain and Portugal, but
  also France, England and the Dutch prefect
  overseas empires by claiming territory in the
  western hemisphere
• Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are
  powerful land-based empires

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Trade- Cant live without it!

• Global trade is THE thing this time period
• Core-Periphery theory
• Core states are manufacturing states
• Periphery states provide raw materials
• Semi-periphery supply both
• Three Core zones
• China
• India
• West

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Changes and Continuities

• Change The Americas are added to world trade
  network
• Change Europe becomes a Maritime area
• Continuity Trade is really important
• Continuity Religions continue to adapt to new
  times, but very important
• Continuity Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
  people come into contact with each other

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1750-1914
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Three Things to Remember

• Industrialization caused true world-wide
  interdependence. Intensification of
  core-periphery concept
• Populations grew and people moved from the
  country into the cities to work in factories
• Women gained some economic opportunities with the
  rise of factory work, but they did not gain
  political or economic parity

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Three more things to remember

• Western culture influenced Asia and Africa,
  especially because of imperialism
• Rise of the Proletariat as a social force
• Revolutions were inspired because of the
  Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and
  natural rights

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The Bookends

• 1750- beginning of the industrialization with the
  water frame in Manchester, England
• 1776- first enlightenment revolution
• 1800s- nationalism
• 1800s- imperialism
• 1860- emancipation of serfs and slaves
• 1914- Eve of World War I

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Details- Industrialization

• Began in the textile industry of England but soon
  spread to other industries
• Led to a desperate search for raw materials
  especially cotton, rubber and drug foods
• Industrialized nations wanted competition-free
  markets for their finished products and
  deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as
  destroyed local competing industries to achieve
  this

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Details- Technology

• New technology quickened the pace of life
• Life was regulated by the clock
• Time was standardized into time zones
• Calendar was standardized
• Postal systems and telephone and telegraph
  systems were standardized
• Steamships and railroads made trans-oceanic and
  trans-continental transport cheaper and faster

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Details- Demography

• Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave
  labor because they were cheaper and more
  efficient
• Populations grew as disease was eradicated,
  hygiene improved and food became cheaper

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Details- Gender and Social Structures

• Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a
  proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant
  class in the country
• Women gained economic opportunities in the
  factories but were not paid equally
• Middle class women separated themselves from
  their lower class counterparts by becoming
  exclusively domestic

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• Rise of the middle class as a political and
  economic force
• Revolutions
• Proletariat also begin to have more power,
  especially with the organization of labor unions

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Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

• African and Asian influences on European Art
• Western intellectual thought- especially science
  and the enlightenment were highly influential to
  Asian and African areas
• Traditional religious teachings continue to be
  influential and often form the backbone of
  anti-imperial activities

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Details- Function and Structures of States

• Enlightenment said that the government was needed
  to be responsive to the people (at least to males
  with property)
• Some new nation-states experimented with
  democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain)
• Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)
  continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted
  enlightenment ideas
• Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually
  just as justification for maintaining Creole power

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Core-Periphery Again!

• European states- especially Britain, Germany,
  France and the Netherlands become cores
• They conquer colonies
• Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery (China)
  or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they
  become suppliers for raw materials
• Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions
• Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas

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Changes and Continuities

• Change Industrialization changed almost
  everything- the way people worked, lived,
  traveled, related to their families and
  communicated
• Change rise of the middle class and new
  government structures
• Continuity religion continues to be a force for
  conservatism
• Continuity patriarchal gender structure remains