IB History Review Paper 2

1
IB History ReviewPaper 2

• 1.5 hours (25)
• Select 2 questions from 2 topics (different
  regions)
• Full essays! Intro, well-developed, organized
  body (3-4 paragraphs), conclusion, take 5 min. to
  plan

2
Causes, Practices, and Effects of WarTypes of
War

• Guerrilla War a war between irregular forces and
  established armies
• 20th c Guerrilla Wars Chinese Civil War
  (1922-1949), French Indochina War (1945-1954,
  Battle of Dien Bien Phu), Vietnam War
  (1965-1973), Algerian War (France, 1954-1962),
  Afghan Resistance (1979-1989, Mujahadeen), Cuban
  Revolution (1957-1959)
• Civil Wars a war between rival factions within a
  country
• Spanish Civil War (Francisco Franco, Comintern,
  Popular Front rebels, loyalists, republicans,
  nationalists)
• Which countries took which sides in the war?
• Vietnam, Korea, Chinese Civil War, India-Pakistan

3
Causes, Practices, and Effects of WarTypes of
War

• Total War a conflict of unlimited scope, one
  side mobilizes all available resources (human,
  industrial, agricultural, military, natural,
  tech) in order to entirely destroy. In total war,
  there is no differentiation between soldiers and
  citizens. WWI, WWII
• Limited War do not expend all of each of the
  available resources at their disposal, whether
  human, industrial, agricultural, military,
  natural, technological, or otherwise in a
  specific conflict.
• This may be to preserve those resources for other
  purposes, or because it might be more difficult
  for specific participants to be able to utilize
  all of an areas resources rather than part of
  them. Limited war is an opposite of total war
• Ex The Cold War (not using atomic bombs, Truman
  vs. Gen. MacArthur in Korea)
• Proxy War a war that results when 2 powers use
  other parties as substitutes for fighting each
  other directly. (terror groups, mercenaries).
  These groups can strike an opponent without
  leading to full-scale war.

4
Causes, Practices, and Effects of War

• Other Wars to Study
• First World War
• Militarism, deterrence, industrialization, The
  Alliance system, Imperialism, nationalism, The
  July Crisis, The Blank Cheque
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• neo-mercantilism an economic doctrine that
  emphasizes the need to decrease imports by moving
  towards self-sufficiency (increase in colonial
  holdings to supply raw materials and provide
  markets for finished goods)
• Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Second World War (Europe, Pacific)

5
Causes, Practices, and Effects of War

• Other Wars to Study
• Indo-Pakistan Wars (1947-1949, 1971)
• Religion, decolonization, background causes (GB)
  Partition, ceasefire, 1965 Kashmir War,
  Non-Alignment, Indo-Pakistan War 1971
• Mukti Bahni guerilla army raised in East
  Pakistan to fight for indep.
• Mohandas Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Ali Bhutto,
  Nehru, Indira Gandhi

6
Causes, Practices, and Effects of WarVocabulary

• Collective responsibility the practice of
  holding all members of a population responsible
  for the actions of a few of its members
• Attrition weaken the enemy by depleting and
  destroying their resources, human and material,
  to the point they surrender or abandon the fight
• Decolonization the movement towards indep. for
  territories that had been ruled by European
  states (2nd half of 20th century) could be
  peaceful or violent (Africa, Asia)
• Privatization the economic practice of selling
  government assets to private owners
• Sovereignty the ability of a country to act
  independently of any outside authority

7
Causes, Practices, and Effects of WarQuestions

• For what reasons, and with what results, were
  limited wars a factor in the second half of the
  20th century?
• Compare and contrast the use of naval warfare in
  two wars each chosen from a different region
• Assess the importance of war at sea, and war in
  the air, in one 20th century war
• Examine the impact of resistance movements in two
  wars each from a different region
• Assess the social results of two wars, each from
  a different region
• Analyze the political results of wither the
  Algerian War (1954-1962) or the Chinese Civil War
  (1946-1949)
• Assess the impact of technological developments
  in two wars, each from a different region

8
Causes, Practices, and Effects of WarQuestions

• Ho Chi Minh You can kill ten of my men for every
  one of yours I kill, but even at those odds, you
  will lose and I will win Is this statement true
  for all guerilla wars? Why or why not?
• Describe 2 guerilla wars, each from a different
  region.
• How might a war fit into more than 1 category?
  Give an example.
• What factors might lead an army to choose
  guerilla tactics rather than conventional war?
• What are the disadvantages to guerilla tactics?
• Analyze the causes of the Iran/Iraq War
  (1980-1988) or the Malvinas/Falklands War (1982)
• Discuss the economic causes of one 20th century
  war
• A European rather than a world war. To what
  extent to do agree with this judgment of World
  War One?

9
Democratic States Challenges Responses USA
1953-1973

• Movements for Civil Rights, racial segregation
  separation of races in society (transportation,
  movies, education, movie theaters, restaurants),
  black voting rights (suffrage)
• Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ, Nixons domestic and civil
  rights policies (Kennedys domestic reforms,
  civil rights movementPresident Johnson and the
  Great Societydeficit spending) Nixon, watergate
  scandal
• NAACP (National Assoc for the Advancement of
  Colored People)
• CORE Congress for Racial Equality
• End to Jim Crow Laws, Plessy vs Ferguson, Brown
  vs Board of Education, Rosa Parks

10
Democratic States Challenges Responses USA
1953-1973

• Citizenship, multi-party states, constitutions
  (written, unwritten), electoral systems,
  proportional representation, coalition
  governments, role of political parties, role of
  opposition, role of interest/lobby groups,
  Supreme Court, Red Scare, left wing, right wing,
  inflation, separation of powers, congressional
  elections, Congress, Senate,  5th amendment
• Attorney General head of justice dept, most
  senior legal advisor to President
• Social Security insurance against sickness,
  accidents, unemployment, and old age
• Enhanced social welfare programs in the
  1950s-1960s to help disadvantaged social groups
• Liberal USA, democrats, assoc. with Roosevelts
  New Deal reforms, liberal programs give rights
  and equal opportunities to disadvantaged groups,
  Pres. Johnsons Great Society reforms 1960s

11
Democratic States Challenges Responses USA
1953-1973

• Secularism sep. of church and state,
• Womens rights, Native American rights
• Affirmative action places set aside for ethnic
  or racial minorities to have access to
  employment (or education)

12
Democratic States Challenges Responses South
Africa 1991-2000

• African National Congress (ANC)
• Nelson Mandela
• Apartheid (apartness)
• Trade unions, Freedom Charter, end of apartheid,
  referendum, bicameral, cabinet, coalition govt,
  first-past-the-post system, gender, civil service
• universal suffrage right to vote in elections,
• public works govt funded projects such as roads,
  schools, hospitals, improving national
  infrastructurerecession economic growth becomes
  negative for 6 monthsAmnesty involves
  cancelling the punishment for someone who has
  broken the law (pardon)

13
Democratic States Challenges
ResponsesQuestions

• What important issues affected domestic policies
  in the US between 1954-1974?
• Compare and contrast democracy in Japan after
  1945 and Australia between 1965-1975
• Democratic states have allowed pressure groups
  to have too much influence on their policies. To
  what extent do you agree with this statement?
• For what reason and with what results did Weimar
  Germany fail?
• Analyze the successes and failures of either
  President Alfonsin of Argentina (1983-1989) or
  President Nixon (1968-1974)?

14
Democratic States Challenges
ResponsesQuestions

• Compare and contrast the electoral systems in two
  20th century democratic states.
• Discuss gender issues, social welfare, and
  education in two countries in the Americas.
• In what ways, and to what extent, did the Civil
  Rights movement in one democratic state succeed
  in ending racial discrimination?
• Analyze the role of Nelson Mandela in South
  Africas transition to majority rule.
• In what ways and with what results did economic
  policies improve the standard of living in two
  democratic states, each from a  different region?

15
Origins and Development of Authoritarian and
Single-Party States

• Rise of single party states, methods used
  (force?), what conditions produce single-party
  states (economic fear!)
• Successes and failures of domestic and foreign
  policy
• Form of govt, political ideology (right or left)
• Totalitarianism, treatment of opposition
• How do they maintain their regime? Media,
  Education, Social Issues, Arts, Propaganda,
  minorities, religions
• Women in single-party Communism, Fascism
• Peron Argentina 1946-1955 Mao PRC 1949-1976
  Castro Cuba 1959-2008 Hitler Germany 1934-1945
  Mussolini 1922-1945 Nasser 1954-1970 Nyerere
  Tanzania 1964-1985 Lenin USSR 1917-1924 Stalin
  USSR 1922-1953 Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot 1975-1979
  Idi Amin, Uganda 1971  1979

16
Fascist Leaders Communist Leaders

• Mussolini, Italy (1922-1945)
• Salazar,Portugal (1932-1968)
• Hitler, Germany (1933-1945)
• Franco, Spain (1939-1975)
• Antonescu, Romania (1940-1944)
• Idi Amin,Uganda (1971-1979)
• Vargas Brazil (1930-1945, 1951-1954)
• Nkrumah (1957-1966) Ghana (becomes Fascist)

• Lenin, USSR (1917-1924)
• Trotsky (1917-1925)
• Stalin, USSR (1922-1953)
• Castro, Cuba (1959-2008)
• Mao Zedong (1949 - 1976)
• Ho Chi Minh (1945-1969)
• Tito, Yugo (1953-1980)
• Daniel Ortega (1979- 1990 2007) Sandinista,
  Nicaragua (socialism)

17
Roles of Women Communism

• Communist Theory Marx, Engels, 1800s (Marxist
  Feminism) Origins of Family, Private Property,
  and the State
• Monogamous marriage was the domination of men
  over women, men have dominated women (just as the
  capitalist class has dominated workers),
  dismantling capitalism is a way to liberate
  women.
• Private property gives rise to economic
  inequality, dependence, political confusion and
  ultimately unhealthy social relations between men
  and women--the root of womens oppression. Gender
  oppression IS class oppression and serves the
  interests of capital and the ruling class.
• Stalin (Communism) Roles of women change (1928)
  emancipation, liberation, women needed in
  industry, massive entry into workforce, increased
  educational opportunities, legislation to ensure
  domestic responsibilities fit with industrial
  employment, affected social institutions (the
  family), girls equal education, equal rights in
  employment, advances in health care (hospitals
  for birth), increased lifespan, free from fear of
  typhus, cholera, malaria, raised literacy rates,
  later outlawed abortion, birth control

18
PRC Women

• Mao improved womens rights, made women equal
• Mao improved the lives of women by abolishing
  prostitution, foot binding, allowing women to
  initiate divorce, inherit property, stop child
  marriages, ended womens opium addiction, birth
  control, contraceptives, planned parenting (One
  Child Policy)
• One Child Policy a boy is more valuable, allowed
  to commit infanticide (kill your own child)
• Mao Women hold up half the heavens.
• Popular slogan during Cultural Revolution Break
  the chains, unleash the fury of women as a mighty
  force for revolution!

19
Nazis Women

• Opposed womens feminist movement (Jewish-led)
  bad for both women, men. Stay at home.
• Patriarchial society, the world is her husband,
  her family, her children, and her home.
• Women took vital jobs from men during Great
  Depression, economically bad for families (women
  were paid 66 what men earned.) Discouraged women
  from higher education, universities, colleges.
  Drop 128,000 enrolled 1933, 51,000 in 1938
• 1933, Hitler appointed Gertrud Scholtz-Klink,
  Reich Womens Leader, instructed women their
  primary role in society was to bear children, be
  subservient to men, the mission of woman is to
  minister in the home and in her profession to the
  needs of life from the first to last moment of
  mans existence.
• Jungmadel (Young Girls) section of Hitler Youth
  for girls 10 -14, Bund Deutscher Madel (BDM,
  German Girls League) young women 14 -18.
• Sex promoted conduct for sex, Church morals
  dropped, promiscuity increased, unmarried
  soldiers involved with several women
  simultaneously, married women in multiple affairs
  simultaneously, with soldiers, civilians
• Some farm wives used sex as a commodity,
  employing carnal favors as a means of getting a
  full days work from foreign laborers.
• 1936, women bearing children out of wedlock
  (Lebensborn) Fountain of Life to create racial
  purity, encouraged German soldiers (SS) to
  reproduce, offered SS families support services
  (adoption of racially pure children into suitable
  SS families), accommodating racially-valuable
  women, pregnant with SS mens children, in care
  homes in Germany, Occupied Europe. Also racially
  pure children forcibly seized from occupied
  countries (Poland) with German families
• Despite official restrictions, some women were
  highly visible, officially praised achievements
  aviatrix Hanna Reitsch, film director Leni
  Riefenstahl

20
Roles of Women Fascism (Mussolini, Italy)

• Fascism promotes Masculine heroism, militarism,
  discipline, Patriarchy
• Women briefly given right to vote until 1925
  (Italian Fascists abolished elections).
• 1920 Mussolini declared that Fascists do not
  belong to the crowd of the vain and skeptical who
  undervalue womens social and political
  importance. You will vote!
• Womens primary role child-bearers (men were
  warriors) war is to man what maternity is to the
  woman. Women are the reproducers of the
  nation. It was unnatural for women to have more
  influence in a relationship with a man
• Battle for Births gave financial incentives to
  women who raised large families, policies
  designed to reduce women employed to allow larger
  numbers of children
• 1934, Mussolini declared employment of women was
  major aspect of the thorny problem of
  unemployment, women working was incompatible
  with childbearing. Solution to unemployment
  exodus of women from the work force.
• 1920s, Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) allowed
  working women to attend entertainment, recreation
  events (including sports traditionally played by
  men). Criticized by Roman Catholic Church,
  causing masculinization of women.
• Mussolini responded by restricting women to only
  feminine, womanly sports.

21
Origins and Development of Authoritarian and
Single-Party States

• Compare and contrast the domestic policies of
  Kenyatta (Kenya) and Nyerere (Tanzania)
• Analyze the social and economic policies of
  Hitler
• In what ways and to what extent did the status of
  women change in two single party states (each
  from a different region)
• In 1924 Stalin said the state is an instrument
  in the hands of the ruling class, used to break
  the resistance of the enemies of that class. How
  did Stalin carry out this belief?
• In 1953 Castro declared History will absolve
  me. To what extent do you agree with this claim?

22
Origins and Development of Authoritarian and
Single-Party States

• Examine the conditions that led to two
  single-party states
• Compare and contrast the rise to power of one
  right-wing and one left-wing leader of a
  single-party or authoritarian state.
• Analyze the methods used by either Mao or Peron
  to maintain power.
• Discuss the successes and failures of either
  Stalin or Sukarno.
• In what ways, and with what results, did one
  ruler use the following religion, propaganda,
  and the arts?

23
Decolonization and Independence movements in
Africa and Asia

• Vietminh, French colonialism, First Indochina War
  1946-1954, Geneva Accords, Ho Chi Minh, divided
  Vietnam, National Liberation Front (NLF), Viet
  Cong, Emp Bao Dai, Ngo Dinh Diem, Second
  Indochina War 1959-1975, Ho Chi Minh Trail,
  SEATO, Le Duc Tho, Cambodia, Laos
• The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

24
Leaders in ASIA

• Emp. Hirohito, Japan (1926-1989)
• Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist, China
• 1928 -1948, fled to Taiwan
• Mao Zedong Peoples Rep of China (PRC)
• 1949 - 1976 (loved Stalinism, Communist)
• 14th Dalai Llama (Tenzin Gyatso) Tibet
• Dethroned by PRC invasion, 1950-present
• Ho Chi Minh Demo. Rep. of Vietnam (N)
• 1945 1969 (Communist)
• Ngo Dinh Diem Rep of Vietnam (S)
• 1955 1963 (Democratic? Assassinated by CIA)

25
Decolonization and Independence movements in
Africa and Asia

• Jinnah, Pakistan
• India, Nehru (Gandhi)
• Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (CPP), Angola (1975, Antonio
  Neto), Rhodesia, Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe
• Decolonization the process by which European
  colonies become fully developed indep. States
  (often by war)
• Artificial boundaries, ethnic conflict, impact of
  cold war, socialism vs capitalism, social
  problems, role of women, urbanization
• The ethics of colonization, is there moral
  justification for imperialism?

26
African Studies Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (1)

• Kwame Nkrumah (1957-1966) Ghana
• 1948 called for self-govt (from GB)
• 1949, Convention Peoples Party (CPP).
• 1950, Peoples Assembly with CPP members,
  youth, trade unionists, cocoa farmers, and
  veterans, womens suffrage. Positive Action
  campaign, civil disobedience, non-coop, boycotts,
  strikes, arrested 3 yrs
• British left the Gold Coast, 1st election Feb,
  1951
• Nkrumah 1st leader of indep. Ghana (1957)
• 1963 Ghana, became charter member of Org. of
  African Unity, Pan-Africanism

27
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (2)

• Nkrumah adopted socialistic policies welfare,
  community programs, schools, construction of
  roads, bridges for commerce and communication,
  improved public health in villages, tap water
  systems installed, concrete drains for latrines
  constructed.
• Industrial development at any cost, rapidly
  industrialize economy, escape colonial trade
  system by reducing dep. on foreign capital, tech,
  material goods become indep. Hurt the countrys
  cocoa sector, many economic projects
  unsuccessful, or delayed benefits.
• 1966, The Akosombo Dam (borrowed from USA,
  debt, raised taxes on farmers) expensive, but
  today produces most of Ghanas hydroelectric
  power.

28
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (3)

• Striking workers, The Detention Act (laws to
  arrest innocent people for political gain),
  clinics ran out of medicine, no one notified him,
  Police resented their role. Ghana had fallen from
  one of the richest countries in Africa, to one of
  the poorest.
• Nkrumah had a justifiable fear of assassination.
• 1964, Nkrumah made constitutional amendment, CPP
  the only legal party, President for life (99
  vote-fraud), now single-party state, dictatorship
• 1966, Nkrumah visited Vietnam, his govt was
  overthrown in a military coup (CIA backed)
• Today, Nkrumah is one of the most respected
  leaders in African history.
• 2000, BCC voted Africas man of the millennium.
• Never returned to Ghana (Guinea), pushed for
  African unity, still frightened of western
  intelligence agencies (CIA), his cook died, he
  feared poison, began hoarding food in his room.
  He suspected that foreign agents were going
  through his mail, and lived in constant fear of
  abduction and assassination. Died in Romania,
  medical treatments (skin cancer, 1972)

29
Decolonization and Independence Movements in
Africa and Asia

• Analyze three factors that fostered the growth of
  independence movements in either Africa or Asia
• What is the exact sexual reproduction cycle of a
  shark?
• Examine the role and importance of leaders, in
  independence movements, in either Africa or Asia.
• In what ways and with what results were either
  Jinnah or Kwame Nkrumah important in obtaining
  independence for his country?
• In 1942 Ghandi said India will have an assembly
  with powers to draft a constitution after the war
  is over. To what extent were Ghandis actions
  and the Second World War responsible for Indian
  independence?

30
Decolonization and Independence Movements in
Africa and Asia

• Discuss the importance of two of the following
  challenges to new states conflicts with
  neighbors social and religious issues
  separatist movements.
• Neo-colonialism was a term coined by Nkrumah to
  describe the ability of Western capitalist powers
  to retain economic and political control over
  former colonies. To what extent did
  Neo-Colonialism hinder independence and economic
  progress in former colonies?
• To what extent did the Cold War affect
  independence movements and new states either in
  Africa and Asia or post 1945 Central Eastern
  European States?

31
Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C. E.
Euro. States-Poland Czech

• Poland Curzon Line, show trials, Lech Walesa,
  Solidarity
• Yugo Josip Broz Tito
• Czech Marshall Aid, De-Stalinization
  (1953-1981), politburo, Soviet satellite states
  of Europe, Praque Spring
• Brezhnev Doctrine, normalization, Third Way,
  Charter 77, Vaclav Havel, Dubcek, martial law,
  the Velvet Revolution 1989

32
Leaders in Europe Cold War

• Josip Broz Tito, Socialist Fed Rep of Yugoslavia
• 1953-1980
• Stood up to Stalinand lived! (True Socialism)
• Alexander Dubcek, Communist Party of Czech
• Jan 5-Aug 21, 1968
• Prague Spring Revolt against USSR, revolt halted
• Lech Walesa, Rep. of Poland
• Led Solidarity movement against USSR
• 1990-1995

33
Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C. E.
Euro. States-Poland Czech

• Assess the reasons for the growth of movements
  challenging Soviet control in two Central or
  Eastern European states
• Analyze the role and success of either Vaclav
  Havel or Lech Walesa in freeing their countries
  from Soviet control
• For what reasons and in what ways did either
  Hungary or Poland challenge Soviet control.
• To what extent did the Cold War affect
  independence movements and new states either in
  Africa and Asia or in post-1945 Central and
  Eastern Europe?

34
The Cold War

• Yalta, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan,
  Comecon, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Korean War,
  Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Suez Crisis,
  Hungarian uprising, Cuban Missile Crisis, Congo
  Crisis, Vietnam War, Chinas relations with
  USA/USSR, arms control, détente, end Cold War
• Proxy Wars, Lend-Lease, Percentages Agreement,
  Atlantic Charter, Pearl Harbor, Manhattan
  Project, Est. of UN, Containment, Truman Doctrine
  (Truman), George Keenan, Marshall Plan, ERP,
  Berlin Airlift, NATO, Division of Germany
  (FRG/GDR), Atomic weapons, Korean War (1950-1953)
  Kim Il-Sung, Pan-Arabism, Nasser, revisionism,
  death of Stalin, Eisenhower Doctrine, Mubutu
  Mobuto, Congo, Brinkmanship, MAD, Deterrence,
  Domino Theory, Ngo Diem, Kennedy, Johnson, hawks
  and doves, Nixon, vietnamization, Cultural
  Revolution, arms race, proliferation, Reagan,
  Brezhnev Doctrine, social, cultural implications
  of Cold War, Russification, ideological
  differences, Monroe Doctrine

35
The Cold War

• Berlin Crisis 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
  was JFK successful? Vietnam War (1959-1975)
• Test Ban Treaty 1963, Outer Space Treaty 1967,
  Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
• 1969, USA defense costs 39.7 billion, 7
  national income USSR 42 billion, 15 national
  income
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Nov 17,
  1969 -May 1972 Nixon Brezhnev in Moscow (sign
  the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which did not
  include MIRVs) SALT II, June 18, 1979, Carter
  Brezhnev, Vienna
• Success, failures of nuclear disarmament 1970s?

36
The Cold War

• Korean War (1950-1953) Berlin Crisis (1961)
  Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Vietnam War
  (1959-1975)
• USA Eisenhower (Rep), JFK (Dem), Johnson (Dem),
  Nixon (Rep), Ford (Rep), Carter (Dem)
• Dean Acheson, Secretary of State, Robert
  McNamara, Secretary of Defense (JFK, Johnson)
• USSR Khrushchev 1953-1964 Brezhnev 1964-1982
• Eastern Bloc, Soviet Socialist Republics,
  Satellite states, Warsaw Pact, Communist
  revolutionary movements
• West containment, NATO, détente, massive
  retaliation, brinkmanship
• Superpowers, Space Race, conventional arms,
  nuclear arms race, proxy wars (hot spots), MAD,
  arms limitations, Strategic Rocket Forces, ICBM,
  MIRV (Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry
  Vehicles), Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)

37
The Cold War

• Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) 1955, states not
  formally aligned with or against any major
  superpower (Nasser, Egypt Nehru, India Tito,
  Yugoslavia) usually developing, third world
• Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) Korean War
  (1950-1953) Berlin Crisis 1961 Cuban Missile
  Crisis (1962), Space Race, Vietnam War
  (1959-1975) Soviet War in Afghanistan
  (1979-1989) Korean flight shot down by USSR 1983
  Berlin Wall Falls 1989
• Operation Condor, 1975 Argentina, Chile, Uruguay,
  Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
• Fall of Wall, Reagan, Gorbachev (glasnost)
  openness (perestrokia) restructuring,
  (demokratizatsiya) democratization, (uskorenive)
  acceleration of economic development, arms
  limitation, communist regimes rebelling (Poland,
  Prague Spring, Czech, Tito, Yugo)

38
The Cold War

• WWII Wartime conferences Yalta (Feb 1945) US
  (FDR), GB (Churchill), USSR (Stalin) Potsdam
  (July-Aug 1945) US (Truman), GB (Churchill,
  Attlee), USSR (Stalin)
• Why did wartime allies become post-war enemies?
• USA policies Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan,
  containment, brinkmanship, non-alignment,
  détente, peaceful coexistence, arms race, arms
  control, mutual distrust
• USSR policies COMECON (Council for Mutual
  Economic Assistance), Warsaw Pact
• Ideological opposition (USSR/USA), superpowers,
  spheres of influence, arms race

39
USSR Leaders Cold War

• Stalin 1922-1953 (poisoned)
• Khrushchev 1953-1964
• Brezhnev 1964-1982
• Yuri Andropov 1982-1984
• Chernenko 1984-1985 (13 mo)
• Mikhail Gorbechev 1985-1991
• openness (glasnost ) removed censorship
• reform (perestroika)
• END of USSR . . .
• Boris Yeltsin 1991-1999, 1st Pres. of Russia Fed.
• Vladimir Putin 1999-still in politics

40
Cuba

• Independence from Spain 1898.
• Became rich (sugar plantations, hotels, casinos,
  beach resorts, playtime paradise for American
  tourists, businessmen, mafia money)
• Agriculture, factory workers very poor, did not
  share wealth of upper class.
• Series of harsh dictators, 1950s Batista took
  over (corrupt regime)
• Fidel Castro, young lawyer, led rebel groups.
  1959 succeeded. Cuban govt nationalized, took
  over all private business and land. Could only
  print pro-Castro info. Anyone who disagreed sent
  to jail. Upper class fled Cuba, settled in Miami
  renamed the area Little Havana.
• By 1960s-1970s literacy rates improved, 97 read,
  write, govt provides all basic healthcare (helped
  by Che Guevara)
• US viewed communist Cuba as threat to America,
  period of tension between USA and USSR (Cold War)
  no hot military action 1945-1991
• USSR sent money, military support, supplies to
  Cuba (missiles 1962), 1989-1991 USSR falls
• 1994, 20,000 Cubans fled on boats, homemade
  rafts, left the struggling economy, not enough to
  eat, clothing medicine, not allowed to speak
  freely

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Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

• Intl org. of states not formally aligned with or
  against any major power bloc
• Founded April 1955 2007 has 118 members
• The Initiative of Five
• Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslavia, 1953-1980
• Jawaharlal Nehru, India, 1947-1964
• Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt, 1956-1970
• Sukarno, Indonesia, 1945-1967
• Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana, 1957-1966
• Developing 3rd World countries, national
  independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity,
  security of non-aligned countries in their
  struggle against imperialism, colonialism,
  racism, foreign aggression, occupation,
  domination (2/3 UN, 55 world pop)

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The Cold WarQuestions

• How important was mutual suspicion and fear in
  the origin of the Cold War?
• Ideology played a small part in the origin of
  the Cold War. To what extent to you agree with
  this assertion?
• Assess the importance of two of the following
  Soviet policies in the origin and development of
  the Cold War Sovietization of Eastern and
  Central Europe Comecon Warsaw Pact
• Compare and contrast the parts played by Korea
  and Vietnam in the Cold War.

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The Cold WarQuestions

• In what ways and to what extent did containment
  affect the development of the Cold War (up to
  1970)?
• Analyze the part played by either Kennedy or
  Reagan in the Cold War.
• The non-aligned movement had little impact on
  Cold War policies ad development. To what extent
  do you agree with this assertion?
• Discuss the impact of the UN on the Cold War
• Evaluate the impact of the arms race on East-West
  relations
• Explain the role and importance of internal
  problems, external pressures in causing the
  break-up of the Soviet Union