Progressive Era (1901-1914)

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Progressive Era (1901-1914)

• Chapter 28

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Objective 1

• Discuss the origins and nature of the progressive
  movement.

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Objective 2

• Examine the responses of the Progressives
  associated with industrialization and
  urbanization as seen in
• Settlement house movement
• Muckraker journalism
• Increased regulation
• Reform of government.

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Objective 3

• Explain the critical role that women played in
  progressive social reform.

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The Culture WarsThe Pendulum of Right v. Left
ChristianEvangelicalMovement
2nd Great Awakening
Social Gospel
1920s Revivalism
1950sRevivalism
CONSERVATIVE REVOLUTION
CIVILWAR
Antebellum Reforms1810s-1850s
Progressivism1890s-1920
New Deal1930s-1940s
Great Society1960s SocialMovements
Populism1870s-1890s
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Progressivism

• Often called the first modern reform movement
• Influenced by Social Gospel Movement
• Upset over laissez-faire idealists and corruption
  of government and business
• Driven by the forgotten middle class stuck
  between corporations and working class
• Progressives in all parties and all levels of
  government

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PROGRESSIVISM
CivilRights
Suffragettes
Muckrackers
Temperance
Labor Unions
MidclassWomen
Environmentalists
Popul ists
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Environmentalism

• Your environment, not your heredity, was most
  important factor in human development
• Improve environmentimprove life
• Better schools, homes, etc. better society
• Teach middle class values to everyone

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Strong Government

• Progressives wanted strong government regulation
• Government should be agents of human welfare
• Government should fight trusts
• Return power to the people and out of hands of
  corrupt

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Progressive Government Reform

• 17th Amendment (1913) Direct election of
  Senators
• Referendum
• Recall
• Election spending reform
• Pro-suffrage women fight corruption
• Increase social spending to help poor
• Keep them from voting Socialist

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Urban Reform

• Rapid urbanization continued to cause problems
• Immigration seemed to threaten American way of
  life to Progressives
• Progressives try to wrestle control from Party
  Bosses
• Non-partisan commissioners
• City Manager system
• Progressives, like Robert LaFollette began to
  shift control away from corporations back to
  government (through regulation)

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Progressive Muckrakers

• Journalists drove Progressivism
• Given nickname by TR due to their investigative
  zeal
• Competed for audiences
• American, McClures, Cosmo
• Revolutionized journalism and exposed corruption

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Major Muckraker Works

• David Phillips The Treason of the Senate
• Upton Sinclair The Jungle
• Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives
• Ida Tarbells expose of John D. Rockefeller

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Child Labor

• Florence Kelley Illinois first chief factory
  inspector and advocate for improved factor
  conditions
• 1905-1907 2/3 of states passed child labor law
• 1912 Childrens Bureau created by Dept. of Labor
• Success limited because wanted cheap labor and
  poor needed to work
• Compulsory school attendance laws increase

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Working Women

• Muller v. Oregon Supreme Court ruled in favor of
  10-hr. work day for women
• Took some control of working conditions away from
  employer
• Needed to protect women from disease and danger
• Progressives also argued women were weaker than
  men and needed extra protection

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Womens Suffrage

• Progressives were pro-womens suffrage
• Needed to offset immigrant vote, protect family,
  social reform
• Will gain suffrage in 1920 (19th Amendment)

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Progressives and Birth Control

• Comstock Law (1873)
• Margaret Sanger opened information centers and
  fled country
• Returned in 1921 to found American Birth Control
  League (later Planned Parenthood)

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More Women

• Jane Addams continues settlement house movement
• Exposed women to the plight of impoverished,
  working conditions, etc.
• Women form activist organizations and womens
  clubs such as Womens Trade Union League and
  National Consumers League
• Extension of womans place in the home, not a
  rejection of this concept

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Home and School

• Better housing and schools would transform lives
  of poor
• Jacob Riis
• John Dewey Better schoolsbetter citizens

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Prohibition

• Progressives opposed alcohol
• It contradicted concept of healthy, educated
  citizens (some called it sin)
• Womens Christian Temperance Union
• Anti-Saloon League
• 1906-1912 7 States passed temperance laws
• By WWI 50 of U.S. territory was dry (usually
  rural areas)
• 1917 18th Amendment--full Prohibition

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Brothels and Movie Houses

• Progressives believed dance halls and movie
  houses threatened the morals of people
  (especially women)
• Linked prostitution to movie houses and saloons
• Mann Act (1910) Prohibited the interstate
  transportation of women for immoral purposes
• First motion picture 1889
• First full length motion picture Birth of a
  Nation--1915

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Progressives and Workers

• Progressives sympathized with industrial workers
  but had little understanding of their plight
• Supported unions attempt to improve working
  conditions but opposed strikes
• Pushed legislation to protect workers

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Scientific Management

• Many innovations, high supply of workers,
  laissez-faire government meant low pay, unsafe
  working conditions, lack of union success
• Factories stressed efficiency and profit
• Frederick Taylor Scientific management
• Progressives supported efficiency

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Union Movements

• Unions were against Scientific management because
  it reduced importance of worker
• 2 million unionized by 1904 (75 in AFL)
• AFL represented skilled craftsmen and ignored
  unskilled and women
• Companies continued to win battles in early 20th
  c.

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Danbury Hatters Case (1908)

• Supreme Court stated that unions were subject to
  the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Unions could be held financially liable to
  businesses during a strike
• Number of strikes dip
• Progressives did little to help unions but did
  help workers
• Tried to improve working conditions

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Women in Workplace

• 5 million by 1900, 8.5 million by 1920
• Ignored by most unions (1.5 in unions in 1920)
• Womens Trade Union League founded in 1903

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• Many women in NYC garment industry
• 16-25 yrs old, of Italian or Jewish descent
• 56-hr weeks
• 6/week
• Over 600 shirtwaist factories employed 30,000
  workers
• Stress on scientific management led to
  overcrowding, women renting machines, paying for
  electricity, breaks minimized, safety shortcuts
  due to costs

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Women strike!

• 1909 Women want better pay, working conditions,
  dont want to costs
• Mass strike in 1909
• Strikers fired, arrested, etc.
• Government support of factories meant they did
  very little to improve working conditions

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Rosa Schneiderman, Garment Worker
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Child Labor
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Women Voting for a Strike!
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Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists
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Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing
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Scabs Hired
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25,
1911
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The Shirtwaist KingsMax Blanck and Isaac Harris
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Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th
and 10th Floors
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(No Transcript)
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Inside the Building After the Fire
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Most Doors Were Locked
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(No Transcript)
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Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died
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10th Floor After the Fire
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Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk
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Scene at the Morgue
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Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead
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Out of the Ashes

• Union membership surged.
• NYC created a Bureau of FirePrevention.
• New strict building codes werepassed.
• Tougher fire inspection ofsweatshops.
• Growing momentum of support for womens suffrage.

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Ludlow Massacre

• Strike for better working conditions in Colorado
  in 1913
• Colorado Fuel and Iron Industries owned by John
  D. Rockefeller
• Strikebreakers and national guard fired on
  strikers killing 13 women and children
• Shift to protect workers and reform working
  conditions because of events like these.