2.3 From Policy to Action

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2.3 From Policy to Action
Who should decide what is permitted?Do polluters
really pay?
Learning objective regulations and how to
interpret and translate them to local action and
change.
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Policies stating aims and ideals

• No water body is to be degraded
• High protection of human health and ecosystems
• Cost recovery
• Pro-poor policies
• Water for All and Water is a human right
• Sanitation by All?
• No open defecation
• Recirculation of nutrients and zero emissions,
  etc.

The policy should be SMART Specific,
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic/resource-related
/result-oriented, and Time-bound.
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Governance guided by principles

• Outcome-based regulation The regulation is not
  prescriptive about the technology or process
  itself, but about the overall environmental
  outcomes of the process.
• Precautionary principle Where there are threats
  of serious or irreversible environmental damage,
  lack of full scientific certainty is enough
  reason for postponement of the activity.
• Deal with pollution at the source If a pollution
  situation is identified, the source of pollution
  should be addressed rather than the end-of-pipe
  result.
• Polluter pays The polluter should in general
  bear the cost of pollution prevention, control
  and remediation.
• Recirculation Recycling of waste products
• Risk assessment A risk assessment of the
  pressure and impacts guide the actions to be
  taken and to be monitored

Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Strategies connect policy with resources

• Do the right thing effective
• (address problems of the chemical
  society)
• Do the thing right - efficient
• (focus on man-made wastewater, not
  end-of-pipe)

Good governance is always helpful
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Some ongoing strategic shifts
Emphasis on hardware and infrastructure
Emphasis on software and local resources
Demand-driven
Supply-driven approach
Individual subsidies seen as drivers for change
Market-based solutions
Relatively high-cost tech recommendations
Local resources

• Operation, maintenance

Construction
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Sanitation arrangements from a management point
of view
The key question is about control, not
decentralisation. Two extremes
Turn-key management where the utility (private or
public) provides the service and the residents
just pay the bill
Own-key management where single households or
housing associations initiate, build and control,
while they put to use available skills,
materials, and other local resources
WC sewerage
Dry urine-diverting toilet
Turn-key Own-key
Dug latrine
Aqua privy
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Market-based sanitation strategy
Edu. Marketing Services (e.g. health education,
info on sanitation products suppliers)
One stop shopping display at ring producer
visualising a pour-flush toilet with a septic tank
Households

The Market
Retailers
Construction Services
Wholesalers
Transportation Services
Manufacturers (produce cement, brick, plastic
pipes, steel, etc. ceramic...)
Credit Services (formal and informal)
Courtesy of Jeff Chapin,designer Odeo, USA
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Social marketing - nothing strange
Plumbers sanitation shop in Sweden
Urban exhibition of toilet options in full scale
and models in Trichy, India
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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Orangi sanitation project in Karachi, Pakistan
Part of the Orangi area in Karachi in a flat,
flood-prone area
Ready underground sewer in a lane in Orangi
constructed by self-help work under the guidance
of the OPP project
Source Pervaiz, Rahman and Hassan, 2008
Digging for sewers in Orangi
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Guiding policy of a municipal council
The council shall be generous in granting house
connections to the communal water supply on the
condition that the discharge system for
wastewater from the premises is of good standard

• all new building plans shall include a clause on
  urine to be discharged separately in new houses
  and in houses that are being rehabilitated
• laying a separate urine pipe from the house to
  the border of the premises is the responsibility
  of the property owner
• the municipality is responsible for the
  emptying, storing, and disposal of the urine

Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
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One policy and two strategies and their impacts
in two cities and their rural hinterland
Decentralised water supply and sewerage
Centralised water and sewerage

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linkoping University, Sweden
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Managing sanitation through effective policies,
strategies and sustainable arrangements

• Match policies with the level of governance
• Coordinate responsibilities for water,
  wastewater, stormwater, sanitation and solid
  waste
• Devolve responsibilities to the lowest level
  starting with what the household can do
• Make sure the resources are adequate to perform
  the tasks at the intended level
• Reuse recovered resources (water, urine, faeces,
  organics, etc.) on soil, not in water

Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden