World War I

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World War I
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The Balkans in 1878
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Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913

• Ottoman Empire (Turkey) becoming weaker
• Balkan peoples want to become free from the
  Ottoman Turks
• Serbia wants to create a Slavic state (home for
  Slavs)
• Many Slavs live in Russia, so Russia supports
  Serbia
• Many Slavs also live in Austria-Hungary, but
  Austria-Hungary does NOT support Serbia. (They
  are afraid that the Slavs in Austria-Hungary will
  rebel)
• THEN, Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina,
  1908
• This creates a bad feeling between Serbia and
  Austria-Hungary
• Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
• Leads to Balkan Wars
• SUMMARY Serbia and Austria-Hungary dont like
  each other!

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Long and short-term causes of World War I

• Assasination (political murder) World War I
  began when the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in
  Sarajevo by a member of the Serbian terrorist
  organization known as the Black Hand.
• Nationalism (the feeling of pride and loyalty
  people have for their country) caused countries
  to compete with each other. Also, ethnic groups
  (like the Serbs) began to call for independence.
• Imperialism (strong countries want to take over
  smaller countries) made countries compete for
  colonies and world power.
• Alliances (promise to help another country if
  they are attacked) were made between European
  Countries supposedly the maintain a balance of
  power but proved dangerous when one member of an
  alliance was threatened.

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Whos with who?

• Triple Alliance/Central Powers
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Italy
• Ottoman Empire/Turkey (joined later in the war)

• Triple Entente/Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Serbia (part of Allied Powers but not Triple
  Entente)

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were the names
of the Alliances made before the War. Central
Powers and Allied Powers are the names each side
was given during the war. Triple Before
Powers During
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Important Dates

• June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand assassinated
• July 28, 1914 World War I starts
• April 1917 US enters the War
• March 1918 Russia leaves the War (signs Treaty
  of Brest-Litovsk)
• June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles signedwar
  officially over

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• US was neutral for first 3 years of WWI
• May 1915 German submarine sinks the British
  cruise ship Lusitania, which was carrying 1200
  passengers and a cargo of ammunition for British
  rifles.
• US President Wilson demanded that Germany stop
  submarine warfare

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Why does the US join the War?

• 1) The Germans announced early in 1917 that they
  will use submarines again to attack any ship
  (military or passenger).

2) The British intercept (catch) the "Zimmermann
Telegraph." Germany promises Mexico that if they
join the war and fight against the US, Germany
will give them back all the land they lost to the
US. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asks Congress to
declare war on Germany.
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• Weapons of the Great War
• Tanks
• Poison gas
• Dogfights
• Machine guns

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Trench Warfare
These British troops are shown on the front line
in the Somme area in August 1916. The Battle of
the Somme, in the summer and fall of 1916,
achieved almost no changes in the positions of
the German and Allied armies, but 420,000
British, 200,000 French, and 450,000 Germans lost
their lives, and the area was almost totally
destroyed.
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No Mans Land The Land in between the trenches
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Russia leaves the War

• Russia was not industrialized like other
  countries in Western Europeso the Russian army
  never had enough food, guns, bullets, clothes,
  boots or blankets.
• However, they had lots of people! Russia was
  able to stay in the war because no matter how
  many people Germany killed, Russia had more
  people it could send to war. This kept Germany
  busy on the Eastern Front and made it easier for
  France and Great Britain, who were fighting
  Germany on the Western Front.
• Russian people finally become sick of the
  warRussian Revolution beginsRussia signs Treaty
  of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and leaves the war.
  
• Go to page 7 to read about the Russian
  Revolution.

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Treaty of Versailles Ends WWI

• President Wilsons Fourteen Points
• National self-determination - each national group
  should be able to choose their future. For
  example, Polish people should live under a Polish
  government, if that was what they wanted. ,
• League of Nations - an organization of nations
  established at the end of World War I to maintain
  world stability and peace. Later this became the
  model for the United Nations
• Mandate System a mandate was a region
  administered by another country until it was
  judged ready for independence. The Versailles
  Treaty divided the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) into
  mandates, lands to be supervised or governed by
  the Allies under the direction of the League of
  Nations. France received Syria and Lebanon, and
  Britain received Palestine, Jordan and Iraq.
  Turkey only got to keep the part that is
  current-day Turkey.
• Reparations that the loser must pay to winner
  to compensate for war damage. Germany had to pay
  lots of to the Allies.

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Communism comes to Europe and Asia
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Economic Systems
Least private ownership Most government control
of Economy
Most private ownership Least government control
of Economy
Capitalism
Communism/Socialism/Marxism
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Leading up to the Russian Revolution

• Remember Alexander II? He freed the serfs in
  Russia, but was later assassinated.
• His son, Alexander III and his grandson, Nicholas
  II ended reforms started by Alexander the II.
  They were autocratic rulers.

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Examples of how Alexander III and Nicholas II
kept control

• Censorship
• Secret Police
• Teacher reports on students
• Political prisoners sent to Siberia
• Russian language only
• Pogroms (organized violence against Jews)

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Marxism

• Ideas of Karl Marx
• Predicted that Capitalism would be thrown off
  by the workers (called the Proletariat)
• The resulting society would have no classes (rich
  and poor)
• All means of production (think, machines,
  factories) would be shared and owned by all the
  people.

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How did Czar Nicholas II lose control?

• War with Japan (who would control Manchuria and
  Korea)
• Bloody Sunday/Revolution of 1905 200,000 workers
  walked to czars Winter Palace to ask Nicholas II
  for better conditions1,000 wounded and several
  hundred killed when military fired on the crowd
• The Public responded with strikes and violence,
  so the czar created the Duma (like the US
  Congress)but closed it in 10 weeks
• WWI

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March Revolution

• March 1917 200,000 women in Petrograd lead
  citywide strike (not enough bread or fuel, wanted
  end to war)
• Czar abdicates (gives up) the throne
• Duma creates temporary government
• Butthey stay in the war, so the people are still
  unhappy and become more attracted to
  Marxist/Socialist ideas

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Lenin???????? ????? ?????
Led the more radical Bolshevik Marxists in their
takeover of Russia Father of Communist Russia
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Bolshevik Revolution

• Peace, Land, Bread
• Bolsheviks storm the Winter Palace and take over
  the government
• Lenin
• distributes farmland to the people
• Gives control of factories to people
• Ends Russian involvement in WWI
• Murders royal family
• Not everyone happy, so Civil War follows14
  million Russians die over 3 years from fighting
  and famine (not enough food)
• Eventually, Lenin and the Bolsheviks win and
  create the USSR. Stalin rules after Lenins death

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Communism spreads to China after WWII

• Remember the Boxers in China? (They didnt like
  the foreigners and killed 230 people in Beijing
  in 1901)
• Many people wanted China to modernizebut the
  Qing dynasty wanted to keep traditional ways
• 1911 The Kuomintang/Nationalists overthrew the
  last emperor of the Qing dynasty
• Sun Yixian becomes the leader of China

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Sun Yixians China

• He wanted to create a China where
• 1) End to foreign control
• 2) Democracy
• 3) Economic security for all Chinese
• He was not strong enough to unify China and gave
  power to Yuan Shikai, who did not honor the
  democratic ideas
• As a result, civil war began in 1916

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Beginning of Communist movement in China

• 1921 Group meets in Shanghai to organize the
  Chinese Communist Party. Mao Zedong (assistant
  librarian at the time) helps to start this group.
• So we have two main groups in China

Kuomintang / Nationalists Leaders Sun
Yixian Jiang Jieshi (after Yixians death)
Communists Leader Mao Zedong
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How do the Communists take over?

• First Sun Yixian tries to form a government with
  the CommunistsLenin sends help
• After Yixian dies, though, Jiang Jieshi takes
  over. He is afraid of Communism. He is also
  corrupt and takes away democracymaking the
  peasants trust the Communists even more than
  before.
• This starts a Civil War between the Nationalists
  and the Communists

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The Long March (1934-1935)

• After being surrounded by 700,000 Nationalist
  forces, the Communist forces realize that they
  will loseso 100,000 of them escape and make the
  long march. They go 6,000 miles (NY to San Fran
  and back) in one year. Only 7-8,000 people
  survive the march.

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Finally, the Communists are successful

• Nationalists and Communists temporarily quit
  fighting during WWII
• At the end of the war, the Civil War resumes
  (1946-1949).
• Nationalists seem to have a military advantage,
  but they do not have the support of the people.
• Mao Zedong and the Communists win the war and
  create the Peoples Republic of China
• Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists retreat to
  Taiwan

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Impact of China and Russia on Cold War

• US gives money to Taiwan, calling it the REAL
  Republic of China
• Russia/USSR supports mainland China and Mao
  Zedong
• Until 1989, cold war between Democracy
  (represented by superpower US) and Communism
  (represented by Russia/USSR)