Revolutions and Industrialization

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Chapter 23

• Revolutions and Industrialization
• 1750-1914 CE

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Comparing the Revolutions

• American Revolution

• French Revolution

A colony fighting for Independence. Kept the old
social order. Two armies fighting against one
another.
Throws out old order. Public takes part in mass
violence. Total change.
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France Under the Old Regime

• In France, people were divided into three estates
• First Estate
• High-ranking members of the Church
• Privileged class
• Second Estate
• Nobility
• Privileged class
• Third Estate
• Everyone else from peasants in the countryside
  to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities
• Unprivileged class

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The Three Estates
Estate Population Privileges Exemptions Burdens
First Circa 130,000 High-ranking clergy Collected the tithe Censorship of the press Control of education Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) Owned 20 of the land Paid no taxes Subject to Church law rather than civil law Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy Support the monarchy and Old Regime
Second Circa 110,000 Nobles Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues Monopolized military and state appointments Owned 20 of the land Paid no taxes Support the monarchy and Old Regime
Third Circa 25,000,000 Everyone else artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many parish priests None None PaidTithe (Church tax) Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities) Corvée (forced road work) Capitation (poll tax) Vingtiéme (income tax) Gabelle (salt tax) Taille (land tax) Feudal dues for use of local manors winepress, oven, etc. all taxes
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Reasons for Revolution

• Enlightenment Ideas
• Equality, liberty, and democracy!
• Economic Woes
• Uneven taxes, poor crops, price of bread
• France is Bankrupt (mainly from spending on the
  American Revolution)
• A Weak Leader
• Louis XVI
• Madame Deficit

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King Louis XVI and the Queen Marie Antoinette
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Meeting of the Estates-GeneralMay 5, 1789
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Vote by Bloc or by Population?

• First Estate 1 Vote or 130,000 Votes
• Second Estate 1 Vote or 110,000 Votes
• Third Estate 1 Vote or 25,000,000 Votes

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Tennis Court Oath
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The Tennis Court Oath by Jacques Louis David
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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• "Men are born free and equal in their
  rights....These rights are liberty, property,
  security and resistance to oppression.
• The fundamental source of all sovereignty resides
  in the nation.
• The law is the expression of the general will.
  All citizens have the right to take part
  personally, or through representatives, in the
  making of the law."

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
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National Assembly orders confiscation of all
Church lands.
Nat the confiscation of church lands
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Uprising in Paris
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July 14, 1789 Storming the BastilleThe
Revolution Begins.
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French Women demand bread,return to Paris with
the Royal family.
Women's march to Versailles
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Constitution of 1791

• Democratic features
• France became a limited monarchy
• King became merely the head of state
• Feudalism was abolished
• This new government became known as the
  Legislative Assembly

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The sans culottes
The bourgeoisie
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Abolishment of the Monarchy

• The Convention abolished the monarchy
• Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793
• Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16,
  1793
• Daughter Marie-Thérèse was allowed to go to
  Vienna in 1795
• Son Louis-Charles, a.k.a. Louis XVII (lived
  1785-1795) died in prison

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the Guillotine
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Execution of King Louis XVI
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Course of the Revolution (cont.)

• Reign of Terror
• (July 1793-1794)
• Led by the Committee of Public Safety
• Chairman Maximilian Robespierre
• In charge of suppressing ANY opposition
• The King, Queen, and other enemies were
  executed
• Over 40,000 people in total
• Robespierre himself was the final victim of the
  Terror.

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The Directory

• People had grown tired of the instability and
  bloodshed of the revolution and were ready for
  something more moderate.
• This new government was called The Directory.
• It was far more conservative.
• It was also ineffectual and corrupt.

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Napoleon
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The Rise of Napoleon

• 1804-Napoleon named emperor
• As Emperor
• Centralized the government
• Created the Bank of France
• Reinstated of Roman Catholicism as the state
  religion
• Established the Napoleonic Code

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