Earth%20Systems%20and%20Resources%20JEOPARDY!!%20?

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Earth Systems and Resources JEOPARDY!! ?
Nonrenewable 1 Nonrenewable 2 Food 1 Food 2 Potpourri
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Define geology, core, mantle, asthenosphere,
crust, and lithosphere.
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Geology is the science devoted to the study of
dynamic processes occurring on the earths
surface and in its interior. The core is the
earths innermost zone. It is extremely hot and
has a solid inner part, surrounded by a liquid
core of molten or semisolid material.Surrounding
the core is a thick zone called the mantle,
mostly solid rock.The outermost and thinnest
zone of the earth is the crust. The
asthenosphere is a zone of hot, partly melted
rock under the rigid outermost part of the
mantle. The combination of the crust and the
rigid, outermost part of the mantle is called the
lithosphere.
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Nonrenewable 1
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Define mineral, mineral resource, and rock.
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A mineral is an element or inorganic
compound that occurs naturally in the earths
crust as a solid with a regular internal
crystalline structure. A mineral resource is a
concentration of naturally occurring material
from the earths crust that can be extracted and
processed into useful products and raw materials
at an affordable cost. Two major types are
metallic minerals (such as aluminum and gold),
and nonmetallic minerals (such as sand and
limestone). Because they take so long to form,
minerals are classified as nonrenewable
resources. Rock is a solid combination of one
or more minerals found in the earths crust. Some
kinds of rock, such as limestone and quartzite,
contain only one mineral.
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Define and distinguish among sedimentary rock,
igneous rock, and metamorphic rock and give an
example of each. .
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Sedimentary rock is made of sedimentsdead
plant and animal remains and tiny particles of
weathered and eroded rocks. Examples include
sandstone, shale, dolomite, limestone, lignite
and bituminous coal. Igneous rock forms below
or on the earths surface when magma wells up
from the earths upper mantle or deep crust and
then cools and hardens. Examples include granite
and lava rock. Metamorphic rock forms when a
preexisting rock is subjected to high
temperatures, high pressures, chemically active
fluids, or a combination of these agents.
Examples include slate and marble.
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Define and describe the nature and importance of
the rock cycle.
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The interaction of physical and chemical
processes that change rocks from one type to
another is called the rock cycle. In this
process, rocks are broken down, eroded, crushed,
heated, melted, fused together into new forms by
heat and pressure, cooled, and/ or recrystallized
within the earths mantle and in the earths
crust. The rock cycle concentrates the planets
nonrenewable mineral resources on which our life
processes depend.
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Define ore and distinguish between a high-grade
ore and a low-grade ore. .
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An ore is rock that contains a large enough
concentration of a particular mineraloften a
metalto make it profitable for mining and
processing. A high-grade ore contains a large
concentration of the desired mineral, whereas a
low-grade ore contains a smaller concentration.

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What is depletion time and what factors affect
it?
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Depletion time is the time it takes to use up
a certain proportion usually 80 of the
reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use.
The shortest depletion time estimate assumes no
recycling or reuse and no increase in reserves.
A longer depletion time estimate assumes that
recycling will stretch existing reserves and that
better mining technology, higher prices, or new
discoveries will increase reserves. An even
longer depletion time assumes that new
discoveries will further expand.
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Summarize the life cycle of a metal product.
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The life cycle of a metal product includes
mining, processing, manufacturing a product,
disposal, and recycling. .
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Define overburden and spoils.
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Overburden is the soil and rock overlying a
useful mineral deposit. Overburden is usually
set aside in piles of waste material, called
spoils.
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What are tectonic plates, and what typically
happens when they collide, move apart, or grind
against one another?
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Tectonic plates are huge rigid plates that
move extremely slowly atop the denser mantle.
They were likely formed from the flows of energy
and heated material in convection cells that
caused the lithosphere to break up. Tectonic
plates can also slide and grind past one another
along a fracture (fault) in the lithospherea
type of boundary called a transform fault. It
consists of the continental crust, which
underlies the continents (including the
continental shelves extending into the oceans),
and the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean
basins and makes up 71 of the earths crust.
Subduction is when an oceanic plate collides with
a continental plate. The continental plate
usually rides up over the denser oceanic plate
and pushes it down into the mantle. The area
where this collision and subduction takes place
is called a subduction zone.Weathering is the
physical, chemical, and biological processes that
break down rocks into smaller particles that help
build soil. Weathering plays a key role in soil
formation.
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Define earthquake and describe its nature and
major effects. .
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Nonrenewable 2
Forces inside the earths mantle and near its
surface push, deform, and stress rocks. The
stress can cause the rocks to suddenly shift or
break and produce a transform fault, or fracture,
in the earths crust. When a fault forms, or
when there is abrupt movement on an existing
fault, energy that has accumulated over time is
released in the form of vibrations, called
seismic waves, which move in all directions
through the surrounding rock. This internal
geological process is called an earthquake. Most
earthquakes occur at the boundaries of tectonic
plates when colliding plates create tremendous
pressures in the earths crust or when plates
slide past one another at transform faults.
Relief of the earths internal stress releases
energy as shock (seismic) waves, which move
outward from the earthquakes focus like ripples
in a pool of water. Scientists measure the
severity of an earthquake by the magnitude of its
seismic waves.
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10 Food1
Define polyculture and summarize its benefits.
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Many traditional farmers grow several crops on
the same plot simultaneously, a practice known as
polyculture. Polyculture reduces the chances of
losing all of the years food supply to pests,
bad weather, or other misfortunes.
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Food1
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Define organic agriculture and compare its main
components with those of conventional
industrialized agriculture.
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Food1
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 Organic agriculture involves crops grown
with the use of ecologically sound and
sustainable methods. Organic agriculture differs
from industrialized agriculture because it
doesnt use synthetic pesticides, inorganic
fertilizers, or genetically engineered plants.
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Food1
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What is a green revolution? .
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Food1
Since 1950, about 88 of the increase in global
food production has come from using high-input
industrialized agriculture to increase yields in
a process called the green revolution.
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Distinguish between crossbreeding through
artificial selection and genetic engineering.
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Food1
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Food1
Traditional crossbreeding is a slow process,
typically taking 15 years or more to produce a
commercially valuable new crop variety, and it
can combine traits only from species that are
genetically similar. Genetic engineering
involves altering an organisms genetic material
through adding, deleting, or changing segments of
its DNA to produce desirable traits or to
eliminate undesirable ones. It enables scientists
to transfer genes between different species that
would not interbreed in nature. The resulting
organisms are called genetically modified
organisms (GMOs).
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Describe the second green revolution based on
genetic engineering.
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Food1
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The second green revolution involves altering an
organisms genetic material by adding, deleting,
or changing segments of its DNA to produce
desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable
ones. It also allows for the transfer of genetic
material between organisms that would not be able
to interbreed in nature. .
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Food1
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Food 2
What is topsoil and why is it one of our most
important resources?
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Food 2
Topsoil is the topmost layer of soil which
supports the growth of plants. It is important
because it supports all food growth.
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Food 2
  Define soil salinization and waterlogging and
describe their harmful environmental effects.
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Food 2
Repeated annual applications of irrigation water
in dry climates lead to the gradual accumulation
of salts in the upper soil layersa soil
degradation process called salinization. It
stunts crop growth, lowers crop yields, and can
eventually kill plants and ruin the land.
Irrigation can cause waterlogging, in which
water accumulates underground and gradually
raises the water table. Farmers often apply large
amounts of irrigation water to leach salts deeper
into the soil. Without adequate drainage,
waterlogging occurs and saline water then
surrounds the deep roots of plants, lowering
their productivity and killing them after
prolonged exposure.
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Food 2
Compare the benefits and harmful effects of
industrialized meat production. .
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Food 2
Producing meat by using feedlots and other
confined animal production facilities increases
meat production, reduces overgrazing, and yields
higher profits. However, such systems use large
amounts of energy and water and produce huge
amounts of animal waste that sometimes pollutes
surface water and groundwater and saturates the
air with their odor.
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Food 2
  Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of
modern pesticides.
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Food 2
Advantages of conventional chemical pesticides
include save lives, increase food supplies,
profitable, work fast, and safe if used properly.
Disadvantages include promote genetic
resistance, kill natural pest enemies, pollute
the environment, can harm wildlife and people,
and are expensive for farmers.
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Food 2
What is aquaculture (fish farming)?
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Food 2
Aquaculture involves the raising of marine and
freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages
instead of hunting and gathering them.
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My name is Bond, Ionic BondTaken, not shared!
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Genetics 2
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From Mariano Cecowski ltMCecowskiNoSpam.sif.com.
argtQ if both a bear in Yosemite and one in
Alaska fall into the waterwhich one disolves
faster?A The one in Alaska because it is
HIJKLMNO
10 Population Growth
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Alimentary What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr.
Watson.Urinate What a nurse would say if a
patient asked her what room he's in.Urine - The
opposite of "You're out!"Benign What we want
when we are eight.Intestine - Currently taking
an exam CARDIOLOGY advanced study of poker
playing TERMINAL ILLNESS getting sick at the
airport
10 Population Growth
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Potpourri
Explain how the supply of a nonrenewable mineral
resource can be economically depleted and list
the five choices we have when this occurs.
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Potpourri
A supply can be economically depleted when it
costs more to find than it is worth. We can
recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less,
use less, find a substitute, or do without.
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Genetics 2
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Potpourri
Describe the conventional view of the
relationship between the supply of a mineral
resource and its market price.
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According to standard economic theory, in a
competitive market system, a plentiful mineral
resource is cheap when its supply exceeds demand.
When a resource becomes scarce, its price rises.
According to some economists, this price effect
may no longer apply very well in most developed
countries. Industry and government in such
countries often use subsidies, taxes,
regulations, and import tariffs to control the
supplies, demands, and prices of minerals to such
an extent that a truly competitive market does
not exist. Most mineral prices are kept
artificially low because governments subsidize
development of their domestic mineral resources
to help promote economic growth and national
security.
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Potpourri
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Potpourri
What is the root cause of food insecurity?
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Potpourri
Most agricultural experts agree that the root
cause of food insecurity is poverty, which
prevents poor people from growing or buying
enough food. Other obstacles to food security are
environmental degradation, political upheaval,
war, and corruption.
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Genetics 2
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Potpourri
Distinguish among industrialized agriculture
(high-input agriculture), plantation agriculture,
hydroponics, traditional subsistence agriculture,
and traditional intensive agriculture.
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Potpourri
Industrialized agriculture, or high-input
agriculture, uses heavy equipment and large
amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water,
commercial inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides
to produce single crops, or monocultures.
Plantation agriculture is a form of
industrialized agriculture used primarily in
tropical developing countries. It involves
growing cash crops such as bananas, soybeans
(mostly to feed livestock), sugarcane (to produce
sugar and ethanol fuel), coffee, palm oil (used
as a cooking oil and to produce biodiesel fuel),
and vegetables. Crops are grown on large
monoculture plantations, mostly for export to
developed countries. Producing such monoculture
crops in the tropics increases yields but
decreases biodiversity when tropical forests are
cleared or burned to make way for crop
plantations. Hydroponics involves growing plants
by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water
solution instead of soil, usually inside of a
greenhouse. Traditional subsistence agriculture
supplements energy from the sun (for
photosynthesis) with the labor of humans and
draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm
familys survival, with little left over to sell
or store as a reserve for hard times. In
traditional intensive agriculture, farmers
increase their inputs of human and draft-animal
labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water to
obtain higher crop yields. If the weather
cooperates, they produce enough food to feed
their families and have some left to sell for
income.
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Potpourri
Describe the second green revolution based on
genetic engineering.
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Potpourri
The second green revolution involves altering an
organisms genetic material by adding, deleting,
or changing segments of its DNA to produce
desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable
ones. It also allows for the transfer of genetic
material between organisms that would not be able
to interbreed in nature. .