Period 4 Notes

1
Period 4 Notes

• Global Interactions
• c.1450 c.1750

2
Transformation of Europe

• Breakdown of religious unity
• Protestant Reformation
• Rival types of monarchies develop
• Absolute vs. Limited
• Intellectual Movements gain popularity
• Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment
• Results
• Europe catches up to China/Islamic World
• Increased commercialization/globalization causes
  major social change

3
Renaissance

• Cultural rebirth centered in N. Italy that brings
  W. Europe out of Dark Ages
• Encourages individuality more secular society
• Great Renaissance figures
• Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Petrarch, Shakespeare,
  Erasmus
• Eventually spreads throughout all of Europe

4
Protestant Reformation

• Causes
• Corrupt Church practices
• Great Schism of 1400s
• Indulgences
• Simony
• Selling of Holy Relics
• Influenced by Renaissance
• Gutenbergs printing press
• Brave leaders
• Wycliffe, Hus Luther

5
Protestant Reformation

• Results
• Immediate results
• Political social challenges to authority
• Variety of protestant sects formed
• Long-term results
• End of religious unity
• Movements towards democracy
• Religious Wars throughout Europe
• English Civil War
• 30 Years War
• French Civil War

6
Absolute Limited Monarchies

• Starting in late Middle Ages, monarchs throughout
  Europe began to slowly centralize power
• Helped by events like the Crusades Bubonic
  Plague
• Constant power struggle between monarchs and
  nobles started to tilt towards monarchs by 1500s
• Why centralized power?
• Need for large, professional army
• Clearly defined nations emerge
• Mercantilism

7
Absolute Limited Monarchies

• Absolute Monarchy

• Limited Monarchy

• Monarchs ignore legislative bodies
• Influential bureaucracy loyal to monarch
• Monarchs control local affairs
• Decisions to go to war and what to spend on
  rest solely in hands of monarch
• Unlimited power for monarch
• People serve the monarch

• Legislative bodies share power
• Bureaucracy less influential
• Nobility control local affairs
• Decisions to go to war and what to spend on
  shared by nobility monarch
• Monarch has limited power
• Monarch serves the people

8
Absolute Limited Monarchies

• Similarities
• Leaders ruled with divine right
• Emphasis on the state above all else
• Ability to make war was focus
• Ruled people of a shared culture
• Regulated economy through taxation, mercantilist
  philosophy
• Monarchs facilitated cultural expression

9
Scientific Revolution

• In 16th 17th c. science overtakes religion as
  dominant force in the West
• Middle Ages learned centered around faith
• Renaissance Reformation challenged established
  way of thinking
• Key Figures
• Rene Descartes
• Skeptically review all knowledge
• Use reasoning to discover natural law
• Francis Bacon
• Scientific method
• Use science to advanced society

10
Scientific Revolution

• Significant Changes in Belief Systems
• Traditional views of the universe disproven
• Geocentric vs. Heliocentric, Finite vs. infinite
  universe, God controlling nature vs. natural laws
• Science used to further human progress
  knowledge
• Results
• Scientific thinking applied to government/society
• Science becomes center of intellectual life
• West emerges as leader in science

11
Enlightenment

• In 18th c. 4 key intellectual factors helped
  created the Enlightenment
• Popularization of Science
• New-found skepticism about religion
• Travel literature
• Key figures
• John Locke Tabula Rasa
• Isaac Newton Proved science through math

12
Enlightenment

• Enlightenment Intellectuals
• Originated in France
• Met in Salons to share knowledge/debate theories
• Goal was to better the world
• Viewed world through secular lens
• Advocated various levels of revolution to create
  change
• Concerned with rights of individuals equality
• Wanted to understand the nature of man
• Were initially met with resistance

13
Enlightenment

• Results
• Produces a set of basic principles
• Humans are naturally good but can improve through
  education
• Reason logic are key to progress
• Relying on blind faith is wrong
• Acquire as much knowledge as possible
• Spawned other movements
• Womens rights
• New economic theories (i.e. Capitalism
  Communism)

14
The Age of Exploration

• Motives for Exploration
• After Crusades, developed taste for Asian luxury
  goods
• Needed to circumnavigate Muslim empires
• Had a balance of trade problem
• Means for Exploration
• Renaissance encouraged independent spirit
• Trade networks technology improved
• Rival nation-states were competing
• Atlantic states took lead

15
The Age of Exploration

• Old World

• New World

• Origins of man
• Closer contact through trade war more
  cultural diffusion
• More advanced in key areas
• Use of iron
• Writing systems
• Rigid social structure
• Value placed on progress

• Humans arrive later
• More isolated civilizations less cultural
  diffusion
• Less advanced in key areas
• No iron
• No wheel
• Less advanced writing systems
• Less rigid social structure
• Value placed on tradition

16
The Age of Exploration

• Similarities
• Similar pattern of development
• Nomadic farming villages advanced cities
• Centered around subsistence farming
• Cities centers of culture
• Similar religious traditions
• Frequent warfare

17
The Age of Exploration

• Colony Formation
• Latin America
• Spain Portugal
• Goal extract resources
• Tribute ecomienda systems used with natives but
  fail resort to importing slaves
• Spanish colonies ruled through Council of Indies,
  Viceroys, Catholic Church
• North America
• England France
• Goal extract resources create permanent
  settlements
• Less regulated by mother country

18
The Age of Exploration

• Columbian Exchange
• Exchange of crops, disease, people, technology
  ideas between Americas Afro-Eurasia
• Europe benefitted the most from this exchange

19
The Age of Exploration

• Core-Periphery-External Model
• Increase in commercial trade technology leads
  to W. European dominance
• Mercantilism becomes driving force

20
The Age of Exploration

• Core-Periphery-External Model
• Core
• W. Europe Islamic Empires
• Dominate with favorable balance of trade,
  superior military control of trade routes
• Periphery
• Americas, Africa, Eastern Europe, SE Asia
• Had poor balance of trade, lacked strong
  centralized governments militaries, relied on
  cores for shipping and were exploited for labor
  raw materials
• External
• Japan Australia
• Isolated by geography or choice, not actively
  involved in trade patterns

21
The Atlantic Slave Trade

• OVERVIEW
• Slavery was common in Africa prior to European
  arrival
• Europeans relied on African princes merchants
  to run slave trade
• Slaves became essential part of Triangle Trade
• Motivation was economic
• As enlightenment and industrialization emerged,
  slavery declined

22
Stage 1 Slavery Prior to European Arrival in
1440

• Widespread in Africa
• Private ownership of land did not exist
  ownership of slaves sign of wealth
• Used to create loyal following
• Captured as spoils of war
• Characteristics of African slavery
• Slaves inherited, typically owned by merchants
  did a variety of jobs
• Well developed slave trade routes/markets
• Political fragmentation lead to frequent war
  desire for European guns

23
Stage 2 Portuguese Enter Slave Trade (1441
1500)

• Sailed around tip of Africa came into contact
  on E. coast
• Mainly for domestic servitude
• African kingdoms held trade advantage
• Aprox. 1000 slaves traded per year

24
Stage 3 Expansion of the Slave Trade (1500
1650)

• Expands due to labor intensive agriculture in New
  World
• Coercive labor with Native Americans unsuccessful
• African slaves were a better fit
• Aprox. 2000 slaves per year
• Other nations (ENG, FRA, Dutch) get involved

25
Stage 4 Peak of Slave Trade (1650 1800)

• Growth of plantations
• Price of slaves increased profitable to get
  into business
• Civil wars intensified, increasing need for guns,
  availability of slaves
• All Euro nations involved, more African kingdoms
• No laws prohibiting trade
• Triangle Trade institutionalized
• 6 mil. slaves traded in 18th c.

26
Stage 5 Decline of the Slave Trade (1800s)

• Age of Enlightenment Revolution raised
  awareness of equality
• Humanitarian Abolition Movements
• Great Britain takes lead role
• Industrialization ends need for slavery

27
Rise of Russia

• Origins of the Russian State
• Led by Moscow during Mongol Yoke
• Ivan III (the Great) unified Russia
• Ivan IV (the Terrible) centralized power
  expanded Russian territory
• Time of Troubles (1604-13)
• Romanov Dynasty ruled from 1613 - 1917

28
Rise of Russia

• Peter the Great Westernizes Russia
• Adopted European practices to help Russia catch
  up to the West
• Western bureaucracy
• Western military hierarchy navy
• Western culture
• Limited advancement of economy

29
The Rise of Russia

• Core

• Periphery

• Gunpowder Empire
• Organized, centralized government
• Steadily (although slowly) expanding economy
• Contact with West gradually increase after Mongol
  expulsion

• Trade cultural diffusion was limited
• Coercive labor system (serfdom) used and led to
  frequent unrest
• Primarily rural, agrarian society

However, because Russia was somewhat isolated
and was not exploited, could they be considered
external?
30
2nd Generation of Muslim Empires

• 1st Generation

• 2nd Generation

• Umayyads, Abbasids, Delhi Sultanate
• Conquests by Arab nomads
• Enjoyed monopoly on trade
• No threat from Europe

• Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
• Conquest with large, land-based army with cannons
• Competition for trade
• Europeans catch up

• Problems with succession
• Warrior aristocracy dominant in politics
• Diverse divided population
• Valued art, learning creativity

Both
31
Ottoman Empire

• Overview
• Turkic Nomads emerge after fall of Mongols
• Founder Osman
• Conquered Constantinople Mehmet II
• Ruler during Height Suleman I (the Magnificent)

32
Ottoman Empire

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Land sea military economic power in
  Mediterranean
• Protectors of Islam
• State geared towards warfare
• Government with Sultan at top, vizier as chief
  advisor

• Empire too large diverse
• Relied too heavily on expansion and warfare
• Succession problems corruption
• Refusal to adopt new innovations
• Especially from Europe

33
Safavid Empire

• Overview
• Shia Dynasty arose from struggles of Turkic
  groups rivalred Ottomans
• Founder Sail al-Din
• First Shah Ismail (took city of Tabriz)
• Lost Battle of Chaldiran to Ottomans (1514) key
  moment
• Ruler during Height Abbas the Great

34
Safavid Empire

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Warrior aristocracy dominated
• Women seen as inferior
• Valued culture and art (esp. architecture)
• Relied on gunpowder technology against enemies

• Problems of succession
• Shahs separation from reality/his people
• Rebellion outside invasion
• Limited trade options

35
Mughal Empire

• Overview
• Origins date back to Delhi Sultanate
• Founder Babur
• Empire Builder Akbar
• Rulers at Height Jahangir Shah Jahan
• Last Great Ruler Aurengheb

36
Mughal Empire

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Diverse religious population
• Rulers who were distracted/disinterested in
  ruling
• Large but military was not fully modernized
• Treasury depleted by war extravagance
• European encroachment

• Centered in Northern Plain urban centers
• After Akbar, empire starts steady decline
• Alternating periods of tolerance social
  progress vs. intolerance social regression
• Most rulers focus was on military/cultural
  achievement (not administration of empire)

37
Southeast Asia

• Overview
• Key part of Indian Ocean Trade route
• 1st area targeted by Europeans
• Portuguese ? Dutch ? British
• Joint stock trading companies used to indirectly
  rule over areas
• Divide conquer tactics used

38
Southeast Asia

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Rich in natural resources
• Key choke-point for trade
• Politically, religiously, culturally diverse

• Vulnerable due to lack of unity
• Heavily targeted due to riches

39
Ming Dynasty China

• Overview
• 1368 1644
• Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu) rose from peasant
  background to lead overthrow of Yuan
• Distrusted scholar gentry
• Strong period of rebirth in China

40
Ming Dynasty China

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Power too centralized
• Court politics resulted in constant power
  struggle
• Crime rebellion common
• Foreign threat continued to increase
• Europeans Manchus
• Attempt to isolate in mid 1400s

• Confucianism Returns
• Military strength emphasized
• Chinese Age of Exploration under leadership of
  Zenghe (1405-23)
• Urban Revival
• Rebuilding of Beijing
• Forbidden City

41
Qing Dynasty China

• Overview
• 1644 1911
• Manchu Origins (north of traditional Han China)
• Opened up trade with Europeans
• Especially tea with British
• Cities grow (Canton)
• more detail in next Era

42
Tokugawa Japan

• Overview
• 1603-1850
• 3 Unifiers
• Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Capital moved to Edo
• Great Peace achieved
• Contact to West opened
• Isolation Policy adopted

43
Tokugawa Japan

• Characteristics

• Challenges

• Great Peace
• Feudal wars stopped
• Samurai adopt admin. duties
• Western Influence
• Portuguese introduce firearms
• Christian missionaries arrive
• Isolation Policy
• Reaction to Westernization
• Attempt to maintain culture

• Remained class based society with little mobility
• Challenge was to accept modernization while still
  maintaining traditional culture
• Warrior class resistant to change
• Merchant class open to change
• Geography made isolation policy logical
  relatively easy

44
Asian Reaction to European Colonization Summary

• Had gunpowder technology
• Did not put significant resources into overseas
  exploration
• Relatively stable wealthy
• Relationship with West impact was similar
• Areas of great cultural achievements
• Womens status declined
• Population increased