Scientific Classification Systems

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ScientificClassificationSystems
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Why a Scientific Classification System?

• Ambiguity of terms
• Latin dead language
• Categorization of relationships
• Evolutionary
• Structural
• Biochemical
• (NOT habitat)

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7 Classification Groups

• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• From
• Greece
• Singing

• Kingdom (most inclusive)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (most specific)

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5 Major Kingdoms

1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

• 1 cell, prokaryotes
• 1 cell, eukaryotes algae
• Multicelled, absorptive feeders
• Multicelled, autotrophs
• Multicelled heterotrophs

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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
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Which is the most difficult to assign?

• Species
• Most specific
• Successful interbreeding
• Fertile offspring

Donkey Horse Mule (infertile)
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Which group has the largest organisms?

• Kingdom
• Cell types Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes
• Cell number
• Nutrition
• Structures

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Plant Kingdom
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Animal Kingdom
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Scientific Name

• Latin
• Italics or underlined
• Genus species
• Homo sapien

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Classification Criteria

• Biochemistry
• Behavior
• Hair Color
• Genetic System
• Evol. History
• Nutrition
• Molecular Make-up

• Most (DNA)
• Not very
• Not very
• Most
• Most
• Most
• Not very

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Similar Categories

• Dolphin
• Man
• Fish
• Whale
• Bat

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Similar Categories

• Grasshopper
• Mosquito
• Spider
• Butterfly

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Did Man evolve from Apes?

• No!!
• Similar ancestor
• Both
• Animalia
• Cordata
• Mammalia
• Primates
• Hommindes

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Mammals arise from Therapsids
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Chimpanzees distant relatives
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Walking upright
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Unlike their ape ancestors, early humans had
anatomical adaptations for upright walking. The
early human species Australopithecus afarensis
had a wide and short pelvis and femurs (upper leg
bones) that angled inward toward the knees. These
adaptations provided side-to-side balance and a
fulcrum for the hip muscles to hold the torso
erect. In contrast, apes, such as chimpanzees,
have a tall and narrow pelvis from which the
femurs extend straight down.
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Lemurs distant relatives
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The ruffed lemur lives in the eastern rain
forests of Madagascar. The lemurs and their
relatives are believed to have evolved in
isolation from the monkeys and apes after Africa
became separated from Madagascar over 50 million
years ago. Since the arrival of humans on
Madagascar over 2000 years ago, at least 14
species of lemurs are believed to have become
extinct.
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Piltdown hoax
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• When Charles Darwin published The Descent of Man
  in 1871, he challenged the fundamental beliefs of
  most people by asserting that humans and apes had
  evolved from a common ancestor. Many critics of
  Darwin misunderstood his theory to mean that
  people had descended directly from apes. This
  caricature of Charles Darwin as an ape appeared
  in the London Sketch Book in 1874.

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Homologous or Analogous Stuctures?
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Homologous Structures

• No (cartilage/rays)
• No (bones/rays)
• Yes (bones/bones)
• Yes (bones/bones)
• Yes (bones/no bones)
• Yes(bones/bones)
• Yes(mammal bones)
• Yes(mammal bones)

• Shark/Dolphin fin
• Seal flipper/Fish fin
• Fish tail/Whale fluke
• Bat wing/Cat limb
• Bird/Insect wing
• Bird wing/reptile limb
• Seal flipper/human arm
• Dog limb/whale flipper

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Structures that are similar due to evolutionary
origin, such as the forearm bones of humans,
birds, porpoises, and elephants, are called
homologous. Structures that evolve separately to
perform a similar function are analogous. The
wings of birds, bats, and insects, for example,
have different embryological origins but are all
designed for flight.
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Family or Genus Relations?

• FamilyFelidae
• Lions, tigers, leopards
• house cats,cheetahs, ocelots
• Genus Panthera
• Leopards (pardus)
• Lion (leo)
• Tigers (tigris)

• Family
• Less closely related
• Larger group
• Genus
• More closely related
• Precedes species
• interbreeding

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Feline Family Members
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Most authorities agree that the domestic cat
descended from the Caffre cat, a small breed of
African wildcat. The Caffre cat was domesticated
in ancient Egypt, possibly as early as 2500 BC.
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Genus Panthera (Lions Tigers)
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Classification by characteristics

• Fossil Skulls
• DNA Sequences
• Hair Samples
• Pictures

Most Useful
Least
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