Europe WW II

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Europe WW II

• Between the Wars
• Rise of the Axis
• 1919 1945
• Western and Eastern Fronts

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Between the Wars

• 1921 Washington Naval Conference
• -4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP Status Quo of the
  Pacific
• -9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door China
• -5-Power Treaty US5 UK5 JAP3 FR1.75 IT 1.75
• 1925 Locrano Treaty established Germany

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Between the Wars

• 1928 The Kellog Braind Pact
• Anti -war treaty designed to disarm the world and
  to control future arms races it reviewed the
  1921 agreements
• 1929 Great Depression starts in the U.S spreads
  to Europe German is it the hardest
• 1931
• Both Germany and the Soviet Union join the League
  of Nations

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Conditions in Europe and U.S.

• France
• England
• Russia
• UnitedStates

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Ideology Fascism

• A political philosophy, movement, or regime that
  exalts nation and often race above the individual
  and that stands for a centralized autocratic
  government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe
  economic and social regimentation, and forcible
  suppression of opposition. Promotes extreme
  nationalism

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Ideology Socialism

• A political theory that advocates collective or
  governmental ownership and administration of the
  means of production and distribution of goods-no
  private property-means of production are
  controlled by the state the transition between
  capitalism and communism. Promotes world conquest
  nationalism does not exist

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Why Benito Mussolini

• The birth of Fascism (extreme nationalism) In the
  1920 as a result of economic depression
  political instability and the results of WW

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Why Benito Mussolini

• 1919 and 1920 there were a lot of agricultural
  strikes that terrified the middle class and the
  industrial class the groups in which Mussolini
  appealed to the most By 1922 he had gained
  enough support and his BLACK SHIRT army was
  strong enough that he threatened to march on Rome
  Fearful of an overthrow Victor Emanuel III
  abdicated and gave power to Mussolini he began
  his fascist state individual rights were not to
  come before the loyalty to the nation of Italy-

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Benito Mussolini

• His goal was to create a new Italy or a new ROME
  to once again bring civilization to the world
  he hoped to create a nation of hard workers who
  were physically fit intellectually sharp
  disciplined and intellectually sharp.
• He did manage to also major economic reforms--
• Built railroads and created jobs
• And he fed the people
• Women were expected to stay home and cook and
  have babies.

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Hitler

• At 630 p.m. on the evening of April 20, 1889, he
  was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau
  Am Inn just across the border from German
  Bavaria. Adolph Hitler would one day lead a
  movement that placed supreme importance on a
  person's family tree even making it a matter of
  life and death.

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Why Hitler

• Clause 231 and the war debt
• High unemployment and the nation was in a state
  of depression
• Powerful speaker CULT OF PERSONALITY
• Fascist -- extreme nationalism

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WHY Hitler

• The Nazis won their support primarily from the
  lower middle class and the peasantry. These
  voters were strongly nationalistic in their
  political views and feared that the depression
  would deprive them of their standard of living.
  The conservative upper classes generally regarded
  Hitler as an uneducated demagogue and gutter
  politician.

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National Socialism according to the NAZI

• We are enemies of cowardly pacifism because we
  recognize that according to the laws of nature,
  struggle is the father of all things. We are
  enemies of democracy because we recognize that an
  individual genius represents at all times the
  best in his people and that he should be the
  leader. Numbers can never direct the destiny of a
  people. Only genius can do this. We are the
  deadly enemies of internationalism because nature
  teaches us that the purity of race and the
  authority of the leader alone are able to lead a
  nation to victory

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Hitlers Tools

• 1. Long-term bitterness Treaty of Versailles
• 2. Ineffective Constitution
• 3. Money from backers inc Thyssen/ Krupp/IG
  Faben/ Skoda/ Henry Ford/ Irenee du Pont
• 4.Propaganda blames the Communists/Jews

• 5. Programme appeals to many Germans    
• 6. Attacks on other parties
• 7. Personal qualities brilliant speaker/ great
  organizer/ determined
• 8. Economic Depression makes Germans desperate

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Why Hitler

• Born in Austria 1889
• Received Iron Cross for bravery in WW I
• 1920 leader of the NSDAP NAZI party
• 1923 attempted a putsch in Munich and was
  arrested wrote mien kampf from prison in 1 year
  out of a 20 Year sentence

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Mein Kampf

• German people were of the highest racial purity
  and those destined to be the master race
  according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it
  was necessary to avoid intermarriage with
  subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs

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NAZI PARTY

• Late 1920 Nazi party has little power in German
  politics the Depression of the 1930s would
  change that
• Unemployment rose 2.25 million or 25 of the
  labor force 1 in 4 was out of work
• This was the hardest hit industrial country by
  the depression
• 1930 The Nazi party gained 107 seats in the
  Reichstag
• 1932 Nazi party was the largest party in the
  German Govt controlling 14.5 million votes of
  only 35 million voters

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Rise of Hitler

• On January 30, 1933 Hindenburg made Hitler
  Chancellor. He thought he could control Hitler
  
• In the end, Hitler did not TAKE power he was
  given it.

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HITLER as Chancellor

• From 1933 1936 Hitler and the Nazi party
  rebuilt the German Economy provided thousands
  of jobs Massive road and public works were
  built Science research expanded military and
  raw material resources were horded
• Nazi youth camps were created which resembled the
  boy scouts

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Hitler as Fuhrer

• 1934 he became the Fuhrer of Germany (only 15 of
  the population claimed to be Nazi )and began to
  ignore the treaty of Versailles began to
  rebuild his military
• 1934 he supported the Franco forces in the
  Spanish Civil War --- this was a testing ground
  or the Germany tactics the BLITZ

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Prelude to War

• 1937 March Rhineland
• 1938 March Anschluss
• 1938 Oct Sudetenland
• 1938Nov
• Kristallnacht
• 1939 March Czechloslavkia
• 1939 Aug Nazi Soviet pact

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Peace with the UK?

• 1938 Munich Conference Appeasement France and
  United Kingdom did not want another war there
  nations were still recovering from the last one
  Pacifist governments were in charge Chamberlain
  the Prime minister of the UK went to Munich and
  met with Hitler to insure peace in Europe This
  conference gave German the go ahead to take over
  Czechoslovakia - One year late German and the UK
  would be at war with each other

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Peace with the Soviets?

• 1939 -Non Aggression pact with Russia- this was
  an agreement not to fight each other it also
  guaranteed the division of Poland 2/3 to Germany
  once it invaded and 1/3 to the Soviet Union once
  Germany invaded. This part of the agreement was
  kept secret. Both Countries however knew war
  between each other was unavoidable this pact
  was a delaying tactic for both sides

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• London conference 1933 FDR chose domestic policy
  over foreign by refusing to attend Conference was
  designed to stabilize all currency in each nation
  at a level to begin trade FDR say this as a
  threat to American recovery as it would put the
  dollar under control of a new world market
  Conference failed and extreme nationalism in
  Europe was born

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• Philippines and Russia
• Far east was to expensive to maintain
• Tidings-McDuffie Act passed granting
  Philippines independence in 1946 and a U.S. Army
  but not Naval pull out. Set the Philippines up
  for conquest in 1941-42 Also at the same time in
  1933 FDR announced the existence of the USSR done
  to get their help in pressure on Japan (1937
  Russo/Japanese treaty)

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• Good Neighbor
• U.S. would stay out of Europe andconcentrate on
  protecting the Western Hemisphere promised non
  intervention in the Americas pulled out all U.S.
  troops convinved the Americas that the Monroe
  Doctrine was now a protector of them as well and
  needed there help to keep the rising power of
  Germany out. Announced at the 7th Pan American
  conference in Uruguay Latin America was sold
  Bonds and prospered under this.

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• Reciprocal trade Agreement Act
• Created by Sec State Hull trade is two ways and
  it became a presidential agreement so that it did
  not have to go through congress (FDR was given
  permission to lower tariffs by 50 new deal) 29
  nations agreed and America was trading on the
  foreign market and climbing out of depression
  it lead the way for American domination of trade
  after WW II

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• 1936 Neutrality Act
• keep us out of foreign wars and no American in
  time of a foreign war could sell munitions or
  sail on a belligerent ship
• Destroyers for Bases UK 1940
• Use of bases in Caribbean for 99 years to protect
  Panama UK get 50 destroyers U.S. chose sides no
  longer a 19th century gentlemens war

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Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.

• Lend Lease 1940
• With U.K. and later Russia weapons would be
  returned at the end of the war like getting a
  used tire back
• 50 billion dollars in aid to the allies
• U.S. aid to the soviets prevented the Germans
  form sending supplies to fight in the battle of
  Britain

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Marching through Warsaw
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Division of Poland
                              
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The Blitz on Poland

• Sept 1939 Invasion of Poland
• Poland is divided results in the French and
  British declaring war on Germany

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Advance through Belgium

• Spring 1940 Blitz on Belgium (EBEN EMAEL)
  Netherlands Denmark and Norway

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Blitz on France 1940
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MAGINOT LINE Blitz ON FRANCE 1940

• "If you entrench yourself behindstrong
  fortifications, you compel the enemyto seek a
  solution elsewhere."
• CLAUSEWITZ

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Maginot Line
40
IT WORKED

• The Maginot Line was built between 1929 and 1940.
  It was built to protect France from her longtime
  enemy, Germany, and to defend the traditional
  invasion routes across her eastern frontier. The
  Maginot Line was built to provide time for the
  French army to mobilize and to make up for a
  potentially disastrous shortfall of manpower
  predicted for the late 1930s. Most of all, it was
  built to provide a place behind which the French
  army could hide, a so-called "Great Wall" of
  France where the nation could feel secure in its
  doctrine which would become known as the
  "Maginot" mentality

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Dunkirk 1940

• A large force of British and French were cut off
  by a German armoured advance to the Channel Over
  330,000 Allied troops were evacuated by sea

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Operation Dynamo

• From May 22 preparations for the evacuation
  began, codenamed operation Dynamo, commanded from
  Dover by Vice-Admiral Ramsay. He called for as
  many naval vessels as possible as well as every
  ship capable of carrying 1,000 men within reach.
  It initially was intended to recover around
  45,000 men of the British Army over two days,
  this was soon stretched to 120,000 men over five
  days. On May 27 a request was placed to civilians
  to provide all shallow draught vessels of 30 to
  100 feet (9 to 30 m) for the operation,

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Operation Sea Lion

• 1941Operation Sea Lon A plan similar to
  Napoleons a century earlier the Battle of
  Britain Germanys attempt to invade Great
  Britain and the first real test of Prime Minister
  Winston Churchill who replaced Chamberlain
• The Battle of Britain was fought entirely in the
  air over England and the English Channel the
  Use of the newly invented Radar by the British
  enabled the smaller Raf to defeat the German
  Luftwaffa thus successfully preventing Germany
  from invading England

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German Plane downed over UK
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Battle over London 1940
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Aircraft in the Battle of Britain
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Operation Barbarossa

• This was a direct violation of the Non aggression
  Pact (Hitler followed the same invasion plan as
  Napoleon depart in the spring quick victory)
  destruction of 1 million Soviet troops and 2000
  Russian aircraft it was not as successful as it
  should have been Bailing out the Italians in
  Greece

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1942Stalingrad and Kursk

• These were the turning point in the war in Europe
  and Russias first victories
• Stalingrad cost the Germans an entire army The
  attack on Stlaingrad started with 300,000 German
  troops in 1943 a year after the battles in around
  Stalingrad began 90,000 Germans surrendered of
  this number, 50,000 would be killed or die from
  disease in Russian POW camps

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1942Stalingrad and Kursk

• The battle for KURSK this was the worlds
  largest tank battle over a 10-mile front 2,700
  German tanks vs. 3,600 Russian tanks it was a
  Russian Victory ½ million German casualties and
  1,500 tanks destroyed
• Germany is pushed back all along the Russian
  Front Stalin begs the allies to open up a second
  front in Europe (allies especially the US believe
  it is to early and they are not ready to invade
  rather see the Germans and the Russians Kill each
  other off

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Africa

• 1940 41 Germans lead by Rommel the Desert Fox
  Conquered all of Northern Africa From Egypt to
  the Atlantic
• November 1942 US and British troops drive Rommel
  out of Africa

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Montgomery captures Tripolli
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ITALY

• July 1943 Allies are in Italy By the end of July
  43 Mussolini was hanged by his people and by Sept
  43 Italy surrendered
• the Germans in Italy continued to fight--- Monte
  Casino and its bombing fighting thought the
  mountains (Nisei Japanese American unit 99th) by
  the end of 1944 Italy belonged to the allies

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1943 Landing in Sicily
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Operation Overlord June 6th 1944

• After having the Russians fight in Europe sine
  1939 the US lead allies finally invaded mainland
  Europe in June 1944-- Operation Overlord D Day
  June 6th

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June 6th 1944

• Omaha Beach U.S
• Utah Beach U.S
• Sword Beach UK
• Gold Beach UK
• Juno Beach UK
• Prior to landings massive Airborne drop

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D Day June 6th 1944
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D DAY PHOTOS
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OPERATION MARKET GARDEN

• 1944 An attempt to break into Germany by going
  through the Netherlands and crossing three rivers
  required allies to control three bridges on
  captured two it failed

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BASTOGNE
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Crossing the Rhine

• March 1945 the last natural obstacle to Germany
  and Berlin was crossed at Remagden

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Fall of Berlin

• April 1945 Soviets surround Berlin
• Roosevelt Dies and Truman becomes president
• April 30th Hitler Suicide and marriage Eva Braun
• May 2nd Germany surrenders under Admiral Donitz a
  non-Nazi

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Hitlers Last public appearance
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Russians capture Berlin
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