The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

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The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
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Aspects of Life to 1750

• Little or no mention of progress
• Peasants worked like beasts
• Seldom enough food or warm clothes

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Economy Begins to ExpandSpringtime in Europe

• Population increases
• Industry increases
• Colonial elites began to prosper
• Holland
• France
• ENGLAND!

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Agriculture and the Land

• 1700 80-90 worked in agriculture
• Less in Holland
• More in eastern Europe
• Output was low
• Low grain reserves
• Bad weather bad harvests
• Soaring prices
• Famine foods

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Why just enough food? Follow the plowman and his
wife.

• The Open Field system
• Peasants held open strips in the field outside
  the village
• Upper class owned land but did not usually farm.
• Soil would become exhausted
• Fields must be left fallow. The cycle was subject
  to tradition.

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The Common Lands

• Pasture space for village animals
• Gleaning for grain poor females

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The Agricultural Revolution

• The Elimination of the Fallow
• Replace nitrogen
• Crop rotation
• Turnips
• Potatoes
• Experimentation

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Multiple Effects

• More fodder for animals
• More animals better diets
• More animals more fertilizer

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Enclosure

• Innovation meant the village had to agree
• Those who agreed enclosed their land
• Even to the end of the 18th Century only Holland
  and England were using the system extensively

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Low Countries and England

• DutchLarge population and little land
• Dutch farmers had growing markets
• Foreign experts copied the Dutch

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A Sobat - Sabateur
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England

• Copied drainage techniques
• New lands were subject to modern techniques
• Turnip Townsend
• English Viscount
• 1710 Introduced turnips to England
• Agriculture becomes craze among aristocracy

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Prince Charles

• Organic farming advocate

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Jethro Tull

• Seed Drill
• Use horses not oxen

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Plowman East and West

• Exploitation varied
• Nobles and the Church levied taxes
• East was worse than the west
• Serfs were tied to the land
• Peasants in parts of
• the west could own land
• Either way life was hard in the village

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Selective Breeding

• The sport of kings
• The gentrys interest in fast horses
• Cross over to livestock
• Stop the haphazard union with nobodys son with
  everybodys daughter.

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The Cost of Enclosure

• Most land was enclosed by 1750
• Most land was sold without conflict
• Acts of Parliament took place during the
  Napoleonic Wars
• 1830 enclosure was complete. Percent of landless
  laborers was not substantially greater

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Tennant Farmers

• Well financed by large landowners
• Improved methods of production
• Actually increased employment

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But in England

• Created two distinct classes
• Large market oriented agricultural estates
• The landless rural proletariat
• Dependant on cash payments
• Not tied to the land

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The Beginning of the Population Explosion

• People married young and had large families.
  Maybe,(not)
• Population has continually grown Not so
• Ok maybe in the 13 colonies ( lots of land and a
  high standard of living )

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What killed the Most?

• Famine
• Disease
• War
• Spread disease
• Soldiers took food

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The New Pattern of the 18th Century

• 1750 population began to grow markedly
• Why?
• Maybe more births
• Maybe fewer deaths
• Maybe different rats???
• Maybe inoculation
• Maybe wars were nicer???

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But More people less jobs

• Agriculture alone could not provide enough jobs
• The poor had to find other ways

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The Cottage Industry

• Rural workers with no land
• Urban capitalists eager to pay lower wages
• Urban artisans lost control of industrial
  production(guilds)
• Outsource labor

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Cottage Industry

• Protoindustrialization is that a word?
• The putting-out system
• Merchant capitalists
• Rural worker

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Worked Like This And a lot of other ways too

• Merchants deliver material to cottage
• Workers would make product from material
• Merchant would then pick up product and take it
  to market

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The Good and the Bad

• Available labor for low wages- Outsourcing!
• Merchants could change procedures
• Although guilds could maintain quality it
  discouraged new methods
• Goods that required little skill were well
  produced

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The Textile Industry

• A family enterprise everyone worked
• Loom causes imbalance more spinners were needed
  to provide textile for weaver older single women
• The bad
• Merchants accused workers of stealing
• Workers accused merchants of shorting them
• Labor was not supervised and it was disorganized.

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Lack of Supervision

• Work in spurts
• Workers at the end of the week had to meet quota
• Low quality product
• Workers did not meet quota

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And believe it or not

• When times were good excess income the workers
  loafed
• Capitalist looked for a better way

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Building the Atlantic Economy

• France
• Holland
• ENGLAND

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Mercantilism and the Colonial Wars

• Mercantilism favorable balance of trade
  government helps
• English mercantilism
• Government should regulate to help private as
  well as state economic interests
• The Navigation Acts (1651)
• Gave British merchants a monopoly in the colonies
• Ended Dutch commerce in the colonies

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Only France left. OK Spain Too

• Previous conflicts over maritime dominance
• War of Spanish Succession 1713 expanded English
  power in the New World
• War of Austrian Succession 1748 little territory
  is exchanged
• The Seven Years War 1763 Inconclusive in Europe
  the Brits defeat the French in the New World and
  give up major land holdings
• India was lost to the Brits

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Land and Labor in British America

• In America, farmers could keep their land
• Free land and scarce labor Need for slaves
• Sugar
• Tobacco
• Indigo

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Navigation Acts

• Britain was supplied by a wealthy colonial
  merchant class.
• Slaves made up 20 of population
• In the colonies white population grew tenfold
  from 1700-1775.
• Colonists enjoyed the highest standard of living
  in the world

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The Growth of Foreign Trade

• Because of mercantilist policies, trade with
  Europe stagnated
• Colonies provided a market for manufactured goods
• 1750 Half of the nails made in England went to
  the colonies

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Peak decade late 1780s- late 1790s about 80,000
  a year
• Europeans used traditional African networks
• First peaceful mass movement in British history,
  primarily a womens movement forced Parliament to
  abolish slavery in 1807 but not in British
  colonies

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Revival in Colonial Latin America

• Spain recovers Philip V grandson of Louis XIV
• Defend themselves from British attacks
• Received Louisiana from France
• Established missions in northern California San
  Diego to San Francisco along the kings highway (
  The El Camino Real )

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Spanish Class System

• Spaniards born in Spain
• Creoles Spaniards born in America
• Received support from Spain
• Hispanicized Indians
• Debt peonage
• Mestizos... mix of Indians and Spanish
• Mulattoes Mix of Africans
• Blacks

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Adam Smith 1776 The Wealth of Nations Economic
liberalism

• Disliked mercantilism
• Exclusive trading rights bad
• Govt. monopolizing business-bad
• Tariffs decrease natural competitive markets
• The Invisible Hand
• People are interested in themselves
• This interested will create increased markets
• This pursuit will create a harmony

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Liberalism USA Constitution

• We the People of the United States, in Order to
  form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,
  insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the
  common defense, promote the general Welfare, and
  secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and
  our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
  Constitution for the United States of America.