Definitions

1
Definitions Descriptions of Key Course
Concepts

• Youth
• Participation
• Conflict
• Peacebuilding

Youth Participation Peacebuilding 2009
2
Defining Key Concepts

• What are some of the key words that come to mind
  when you see or hear the words Youth,
  Participation, Conflict, and Peacebuilding?
  
• Please write your own definitions or descriptions
  for each word on separate sticky pieces of
  paper.

3
Defining Youth

• How did we as a class define this key course
  concept?
• What are similarities and differences in the
  meanings we assigned?

4
Experts Defining Youth Beyond Age
Categories, 15-24 (UN)

• Youth is less an age range than a life phase
  marking the movement from childhood into
  adulthood. (Sommers 2007)
• (The category is) created in everyday practice
  at the intersection of the global and the local
  (Shepler 2005)
• Youth figure centrally in debates and
  transition in membership, belonging the
  hybridization of identities (Durham 2000)
• Young people personify a given society's
  deepest anxieties and hopes about its own
  transformation (Maira Soep 2005)
• Young people whether depicted by
  chronological age or socially constructed roles
  incarnate unique combinations of social
  vulnerabilities and transformative potential
  within their communities. (Hamilton 2007)

5
Web of Youth Transitions When a cohort is
caught in its web, life is defined by
uncomfortable, uneven transitions
6
Defining Participation

• How did we as a class define this key course
  concept?
• What are similarities and differences in the
  meanings we assigned?

7
Experts Defining Participation

• Processes of information sharing, consultation,
  decision-making, implementation, and resource
  control with, of, and by, beneficiaries (Hart
  et al. 2004)
• Approaches and methods to enable local people
  to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of
  life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor
  and evaluate. (Chambers 1997)
• Empowerment implies an increase in the
  relative power and ability of disadvantaged
  groups in their respective socio-political
  environment. (Lambourne 2004)
• Participation strengthens civil society the
  economy by empowering individuals, communities,
  and organisations to negotiate with institutions
  and bureaucracies. (OECD 1998)
• Human beings thrive when they connect with
  civil society in a positive, meaningful, and
  fulfilling way. (AED 2005)

8
Ladder of Youth Participation
(Adapted from Hart 1997)
9
Reflections on Youth Roles in Social Political
Change

• Organizations that are successful in involving
  young people in meaningful ways are able to
  translate this attitude into policies programs
  that incorporate youth as partners in community
  building. (International Youth Foundation 2002)
• The young generation is traditionally seen as
  one of the most dynamic mediums of social
  change. (Glinski 1998)
• Young people are key engines of
  socio-political change, if not its primary
  engineers. When effectively mobilized by
  ideational leaders power brokers in
  government, civil society, and/or militant
  networks youth provide necessary energy mass
  power to get the wheels turning for divergent
  vehicles of social political change.
  (Hamilton 2007)

10
Defining Conflict

• How did we as a class define this key course
  concept?
• What are similarities and differences in the
  meanings we assigned?

11
Experts Defining Conflict

• A disagreement through which the parties
  involved perceive a threat to their needs,
  interests or concerns. (Mayer 1990)
• A struggle over values and claims to scarce
  status, power and resources (Coser, 1956)
• Thinking in terms of a continuum helps us
  appreciate, for example, that many wars are long
  periods of (uneasy) peace interrupted by
  occasional eruptions of violence. (Richards
  2005)
• A natural phenomenon that creates potential for
  constructive growth. (Lederach 2003)
• If channeled improperly, conflict has the
  potential to intensify and erupt into violence.
  (UN 2003)

12
Conflict Analysis 3 Ps (People, Problem
Process)
People Who are the Actors in Conflict?
Process How is the Conflict Progressing?
Problem What are Issues at Conflict?
(Lederach 1995)
13
Categories of Conflict Actors
Intra-Personal Conflict WITHIN 1 Person Inter-Personal Conflict BETWEEN 2 People
Intra-Group Conflict WITHIN Group Inter-Group Conflict BETWEEN Groups
14
Relationships in ConflictParties Stakeholders

(Caritas 2002)
15
Dimensions of Conflict
Personal Relational
Structural Cultural
(Lederach et al. 2005)
16
Conflict is Like a Tree
Leaves and Branches Effects of Conflict

Trunk Core Issues
Roots Root Causes
(Caritas 2002)
17
Conflict is Like a Fire5 Stages of Conflict
(Caritas 2002)
18
1 Gathering Materials (Potential Conflict)
19
2 Fire Begins Burning (Confrontation)
20
33 Bonfire (Crisis)
21
4 Coals (Further Potential Conflict)
22
5 Fire Out (Regeneration)
23
Conflict Escalation (Stair Steps)
Goal Doing Well to Winning
Actors Few to Many
Issues Specific to General
Scope Small to Large
Tactics Persuasion to Threats
(Pruitt Rubin 1986)
24
Defining Peacebuilding

• How did we as a class define this key course
  concept?
• What are similarities and differences in the
  meanings we assigned?

25
Experts Defining Peacebuilding

• Building of constituencies for peace (and) the
  fostering of trust, good will, reciprocity, and
  mutuality among youth from different ethnic or
  religious groups. (Academy for Educational
  Development 2005)
• Conflict transformation is to envision
  respond to the ebb flow of social conflict as
  life-giving opportunities for creating
  constructive change processes that reduce
  violence, increase justice in direct interaction
  social structures, and respond to real-life
  problems in human relationships. (Lederach
  2003)
• Process of engaging with transforming the
  relationships, interests, discourses and, if
  necessary, the very constitution of society that
  supports the continuation of violent conflict.
  (Miall 2004)
• Mutually supporting (but also sometimes
  antagonistic) challenges of violence prevention
  societal reconstruction. (McEvoy-Levy 2001)

26
Dimensions of Peacebuilding
Personal Relational
Structural Cultural
(Lederach et al. 2005)
27
Transforming Conflict5 Stages of Peacebuilding
(Caritas 2002)
28
1 Transforming Materials Preventing Fire
29
2 Limiting What Ignites Preventing Flames
30
3 Limiting Damage
31
4 Cooling the Coals
32
5 Regeneration
33
Conflict De-Escalation (Stair Steps)
Goal Winning to Doing Well
Actors Many to Few
Issues General to Specific
Scope Large to Small
Tactics Threats to Persuasion
(Pruitt Rubin 1986)
34
Level of Peacebuilding Response
(Adapted from Lederach 1997)
35
Time Frame for Peacebuilding
(Adapted from Lederach 1997)
36
Integrated Framework for Peacebuilding
(Caritas 2002, Adapted from Lederach 1997)
37
Peacebuilding Triangle Targeted Actors
(Adapted from Lederach 1997)
38
Exploring Peace Paradigms How Can We Achieve
Peace?

• Peace Through Power of Force
• (Threat of Armed Coercion)
• Peace Through Power of Development
• (Economic Opportunity)
• Peace Through Power of Law
• (Institutional Protections)
• Peace Through Power of Interaction
• (Conflict Resolution)
• Peace Through Power of Will
• (Nonviolent Resistance)
• Peace Through Power of Transformation
• (Education / Spirituality)

(Adapted from the Gandhi Marg 2002)