Latin America

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Latin America
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New Ideas in Europe16th-18th centuries
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Causes of Latin American Revolutions

• 1. Enlightenment Ideas
• NATURAL LAWS govern natural science and human
  society.
• Give people rights ? life, liberty, property!
• Make fair societies based on reason possible.
• Challenged the theory of Divine Right monarchy.

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2. Creole Discontent

• Person of European descent born in the West
  Indies or Latin America
• Left out of government jobs and trade concessions

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3. Inspiration of American French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man of the
Citizen--1789
Declaration of Independence--1776
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• Preoccupation of Spain Portugal
• In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

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Napoleon on the March
Provides a model a diversion!
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Napoleons Role

• Attacked Portugal and Spain
• Toppled their rulers
• Weakened their control of the
• Colonies
• Spanish king is imprisoned by Napoleon in 1808
• Revolts led by the Creole elite--
• landowners

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Latin American Revolutions!
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Question of Slavery

• In France Friends of Blacks club advocated
  abolition of slavery
• Abolished in France September 1791
• Opposed by French plantation owners in West
  Indies
• National Convention February 4, 1794 abolishes
  slavery in colonies

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Haitian Revolution1791-1804

• Saint Domingue renamed Haiti after revolution
• Richest colony in world
• 8000 sugar and coffee plantations
• Population
• 500,000 slaves
• 40,000 whites
• 30,000 free people of color
• Revolution seen differently by different groups
• Rich white landowners saw greater autonomy and
  less economic restrictions
• Poor whites sought equality for all whites
• Free people of color wanted equal treatment for
  all opposed by both white groups
• Slaves saw promise of freedom

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Toussaint LOuverture

• 1791
• Leader of revolt with over 100,000 followers
• 1794 Robespierre ended slavery
• 1799 Napoleon changed policy
• After 10 years he gained control of island,
  issued constitution and became the effective
  ruler of Saint Domingue
• Napoleon sends LeClerc who captures LOuverture,
  chains him and takes him to France
• Civil War among factions after independence
  declared in 1804
• 1820 Independent Republic

1000s of French died with Yellow Fever
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Independence declared in Haiti(1804)
Former French Sugar Colony the first Independent
State in Latin America
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Louisiana Purchase

• Treaty of Paris in 1763 gave Spain control of the
  former French territory of Louisiana
• 1800 France and Spain had a secret treaty giving
  this land to France but it remained under Spanish
  control until 1803.
• Napoleon had hoped to rebuild Frances
• New World Empire but the defeat in Haiti and
  war with Britain persuaded him to sell the entire
  territory just three weeks after gaining control
  from Spain
• Jefferson purchased the territory with much
  opposition.

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Vodoun Voodoo

• A religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean
  countries (especially Haiti)
• Involves witchcraft and animistic deities

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Slave Revolt
Whos POV?
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Question of Slavery

• Britain abolishes slave trade in the British
  Empire in 1807 fearing slave revolts
• US prohibits trade with Haiti and ends
  international slave trade in 1808
• Slavery itself is abolished in Britain in 1833
  and in the US in 1863

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Changes in Thinking Helps to End Slavery

• Slave population outnumbers slave owners fear of
  revolt
• Immoral un-Christian
• Philosophes Against Natural Law
• Adam Smith inhibits economic growth

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Consequences for the end of slavery

• Workers imported
• from China and
• India became
• indentured servants
• willing to give up
• freedom in return
• for employment

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Latin America

• Unlike the American colonies of Britain the Latin
  colonies had little tradition of local
  self-government
• They were more authoritarian
• More divided socially
• Their culture was formed by strict Catholicism of
  the Counter-Reformation
• The Europeans were vastly outnumbered by native
  peoples, those of African ancestry, or those of
  mixed race
• 1808-Napoleon invade Spain and Portugal deposing
  Spanish king and forcing Portuguese royal family
  into exile in Brazil

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Compare American Revolution to Latin Americans

• American
• Violence directed almost entirely vs. Britain
• Those who sided with Britain were later able to
  re-enter US society
• United States
• Began as a lesser colony but emerged as powerful
  and influential

• Latin America
• Lasted twice as long
• Divided by class, race, and region
• Dread of social rebellion from below
• Inability to unite South America
• Began as the wealthiest but later became
  impoverished

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Spain and Portugal Suppress Revolts

• Aided by Creoles and Mazombos American born
  direct descendants of Portuguese settlers
• Saw themselves linked more closely with Spain and
  Portugals rulers
• Feared rebellion more than their desire for
  independence

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1810 Mexico Revolts

• Leaders
• Father Miguel Hidalgo
• Father Jose Morales a mestizo mixed ancestry
• Morales Goals
• displace Spanish and Creole elites
• abolish slavery
• revoke special privileges of church
• he was captured and shot

Parish priest led peasant rebellion who desired
more land
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Mexicos Path
Unlike other independence movements in Latin
America because it was led by Mestizos and Native
Americans not wealthy, educated Creoles

• Crushed by Creole landowners with support of RCC
• 1821 independence gained with alliance of clergy
  and Creole elites
• 1823 Republic declared
• Unstable for decades
• 1836 Mexican American War
• Texas declares independence

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Mexico continued

• First rebellions demanded reforms
• Lack of support from creoles for insurrection
  collapse
• After years of turmoil under the republic little
  changed for the Mestizos or Native Americans
• French occupation
• Benito Juarez institutes reforms in 1860s

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Brazil

• When Napoleon captured Portugal the royal family
  escaped to Brazil establishing their rule for the
  next 13 years.
• King Dom Joao raised legal status of Brazilians
  to that of Portuguese
• Expanded Rio de Janeiro as center of trade,
  administration, education and culture
• Independence 1822 with help of Prince Pedro who
  acted as regent and became a constitutional
  emperor

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Simon Bolivar

• Venezuela
• Wealthy Creole officer
• Educated in Europe with enlightenment ideas
• Joined a growing class of merchants who resented
  Spanish and Portuguese domination of trade
• United into new nationGran Columbia Columbia,
  Ecuador, Venezuela

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The Muscle of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard OHiggins cross
the Andes Mountains.
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Bolivars Accomplishment
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Bolivars Failure

• After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador into
  Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of
  Latin America.
• He died a year later, with his goal of uniting
  all of South America unfulfilled!

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Results of the Revolutions
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1. Brazil Freed from Portugal

• The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by
  fleeing to Brazil.
• Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821
  when his father returned to Portugal.
• Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I
  abdicated his throne.

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2. Independence for Spanish
Portuguese Latin America

• By the mid-1820s, revolts create many
  newly-independent nations.

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3. No Unity!

• Failure of Bolivars dream for a united South
  America
• Many newly independent countries struggle with
  civil wars.
• By 1830s defeated attempts at unification.
• geographic factorsmountain, the Amazon, etc.
• cultural differences

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4. Independence Brought More Poverty

• Wars disrupted trade.
• Wars devastated cities and countryside.

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5. Left Many Countries in the Control of
Caudillos

• WHO WERE THEY?
• Mid-19c dictators ? military authoritarianism.
• Mostly wealthy Creole aristocrats.
• Posed as reformers with goals to improve the
  economy and better the lives of the common
  people. BUTOverthrew governments and took away
  basic human rights.
• Some attempted to make improvements, but most
  just cared about themselves and their families
  and friends nepotism.
• Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point
  coup detats!

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What is the Message?
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Additional Problems

• Feuds among leaders.
• Geographic barriers.
• The social hierarchy continued from the past.
• Conservatives favored the old social order.
• Liberals wanted land reform.
• Dependence on foreign nations for capital and for
  economic investments.

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The Caribbean an American Lake
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The Colossus of the North

• US dominated affairs in the Americas.
• 1823 Monroe Doctrine.
• US takes Texas
• US gains independence for Cuba.
• US built Panama Canal Yankee Imperialism.

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The Panama Canal
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Causes of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

1. Long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz 1876-1910
2. Unequal distribution of wealth
3. Liberal reformers

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Mexican Revolutionaries
Porfirio Diaz Faced with rebellion he resigns
after holding power for almost 30 years
Madero, a liberal reformer, democratically
elected in 1911, assassinated two years later by
his general, Huerto
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Carranza, a rich landowner, defeats Zapata and
Villa, becomes president of Mexico in 1917. A new
constitution passes but reforms are slow
Huerto sets up dictatorship
Civil War
Rebel leaders, Zapata and Villa, fight to improve
lives of peasants
Zapata
Pancho Villa
Carranza
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Post Revolution Latin America

• Loss of population, property, livestock because
  of war
• Boundary disputes with other new nations
• Poor transportation and communication making
  unity within nation difficult
• Little experience ruling as a republic
• Britain replaced Spain and Portugal as dominating
  the economy
• Exportation of raw materials while importing
  finished goods reducing industrial production in
  Latin America leading to more foreign domination
  of their economy
• Land remained basis of wealth, social prestige,
  political power throughout 19th century