National Revolutions

1
National Revolutions

• Vocabulary
• peninsulares
• mestizos

2
Nationalism

• Vocabulary
• nation-state
• Russification
• realpolitik

3
National Revolutions

• Latin America
• rigid class structure
• peninsulares
• Creoles
• mestizos
• mulattos

4
National Revolutions

• Vocabulary
• Creoles
• Mulattos

5
National Revolutions

• Haiti
• 1791 successful revolt
• traveled to Paris to celebrate!
• under Toussaint LOuverture
• former slave
• 1802, arrested
• died in French prison
• Gen. Dessalines continued
• Declared final independence
• January 1, 1804

6
Creoles Lead Independence

• After 1808 conquest of Spain
• Simon Bolivar
• Venezuelan
• Jose de San Martin
• Argentina
• Met in Ecuador
• Defeated Spanish army

7
Different visions

• Enlightenment ideas spread
• Bolivar United States of So. America ?
• united northern area Gran Colombia
• San Martin wanted strong institutions
• to survive long after one strong leader???

8
Class Project

• Boliver San Martin
• -personal characteristics
• -background (ethnicity, social class,
• political status)
• -vision for South America
• -heroic exploits?
• -what happened? results? consequences?

9
Mexico

• Two revolutions
• 1810 Father Hidalgo in Delores
• lower classes rallied
• Padre Jose Morelos
• Overpowered by Creoles
• Independence in 1821
• 1910 class revolution

10
Brazil

• No violence
• during Napoleons invasion of Portugal
• Royal family escaped to Brazil
• Rio was capital of Portugal
• After Waterloo, family returned
• Prince Dom Pedro stayed
• Agreed to independence

11
Revolutions in Europe

• 3 political philosophies
• Conservative
• Liberal
• Radical
• Nationalismloyalty to common culture
• nation-state
• defends territory and way of life

12
Challenge to conservative power

• Greece independence was popular
• Ottoman empire in decline
• Britain, France, Russia provide help
• Belgium
• Independence from Dutch, 1830
• Poles against Russia
• Italy against Austria
• Liberal uprisings throughout Austria

13
France

• 1830, Charles replaced by Louis-Philippe
• 1848, violence for democracy
• Dec. 1848, Louis-Napoleon
• elected president
• 1852, declared himself
• Emperor Napoleon III
• Successful economic
• development

14
Reform in Russia

• Early 1800s
• feudal serfdom prevails
• inhibits industrial growth
• nobles want status quo
• Alexander II
• 1861, freed the serfs
• Assassinated in 1881
• Alexander III
• tightened control
• encouraged industrialism

15
Aging empiresinclude many ethnic groups

• Austria
• Reorganized into Austria-Hungary
• After WWI, separate nation states
• Russia
• Russification
• 1917, Communist Revolution
• Ottoman
• 1894, Armenians massacred

16
Italy

• Cavour leads unification, 1852
• alliance w/ France against Austria
• annexed northern Italy
• Garibaldi unites, 1860
• Red Shirts
• moved north from Sicily
• united south Italy
• agreed to united w/ north

17
Bismarck unites Germany

• Nationalism united Prussia
• 1861, Wilhelm I on throne
• chooses Otto von Bismarck
• as prime minister
• Master of realpolitik
• leads to dictatorship

18
Germany (cont)

• Seven Weeks War, 1866
• conquered German territories
• Franco-Prussian War
• manipulated by Bismarck
• unification complete
• Kaiser Wilhelm
• Second Reich