Ch. 4

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Ch. 4 People and Places
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4.1 Elements of Culture

• Culture
• The total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors
  shared by and passed on by members of specific
  group
• Can involve
• Religion, food, education, language,
  relationships, etc.

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Society

• A group that shares a geographic region, a sense
  of identity, and culture

Cubans
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Ethnic Group

• a specific group that shares a language, customs,
  and heritage.

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Culture Change and Exchange

• 3 Types
• Innovation
• Diffusion
• Acculturation

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Innovation

• Taking existing technology and resources and
  creating something new to meet a need.

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Diffusion

• Spread of new ideas
• Resources like the television and internet help
  to spread new ideas

Cultural hearth- where it all begin the site of
innovation
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Acculturation

• Occurs when a society changes because it accepts
  or adopts an innovation.

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Language

• Allows people to communicate
• Helps establish cultural identity.
• Dialect differ. Version of speech
• ie. southern drawl
• Language can be spread through trade and
  migration
• Between 3000-6500 languages spoken but more than
  half the worlds population speaks just thirteen
  of those languages.

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Religion

• Monotheistic one god
• Polytheistic more than one
• Animistic divine forces are within nature
• Spread through diffusion and converts

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Major Religions

• Judaism
• Holy book is known as Torah.
• Centered in Israel
• Oldest of the Southwest Asian religions
• Christianity
• Evolved from Judaism
• Based on teachings of Jesus
• Holy book is Bible
• Largest number of followers

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• Islam
• Based on teachings of the prophet Muhammad
• Holy book is the Quran
• Hinduism
• Polytheistic
• Based on a caste system
• Dates back about 5,000 years
• Buddhism
• Derives from Hinduism
• Goal is to reach an enlightened state known as
  Nirvana

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Ch. 4.2 Population Geography
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World Wide Population Growth

• Birthrate
• Number of births per 1000
• Fertility rate
• Average number a children a woman of childbearing
  years would have in her lifetime
• Mortality rate
• Number of deaths per 1000
• Population Growth
• BR-MR rate of natural increase

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Population Pyramid

• A graphic device that allows demographers to
  examine how events in society affect the
  population.

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Population Distribution

• Habitable Lands
• Area between 20 and 60 latitude
• More than half the worlds population lives in
  rural areas, but more and more people are moving
  to cities.

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Population Distribution
60
20
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Migration

• Movement of people from one place to another
• Push-pull factors
• push cause people to leave their homeland
• pull what attracts people to another location

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Population Density

• Avg. of people who live in a measurable area
• Carrying capacity the ability of an areas land
  to support the inhabitants.

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Ch. 4.3 Political Geography

• Nation
• people with common culture living in a territory
• State
• Independent unit that occupies a specific
  territory and has control of internal/external
  affairs
• Nation-state
• nation and state occupy same territory

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Types of Government

• Democracy
• Citizens hold political power, either directly or
  through elected reps.

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Monarchy

• Ruling family, headed by a king or queen holds
  power. May or may not share power with citizen
  bodies.

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Dictatorship

• Individual or group holds complete political
  power.

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Communism

• Govt. and econ. system where all political power
  and means of production are held by the govt. in
  the name of the people

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Geographic Characteristics

• Size
• More potential for resources and population base
• Shape
• Impacts how goods are moved and how easily it can
  be governed
• Relative location

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Location

• Landlocked land w/ no direct outlet to water

Bolivia
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National Boundaries

• Natural Boundaries
• Rivers, lakes, or mountains
• Artificial Boundaries
• Fixed line generally following lat. or long.

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Regional Political Systems

• Countries are often divided into smaller systems
  to make govt. more efficient.
• Towns, cities, villages are examples

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Ch. 4.4 Urban Geography

• Cities
• Centers of business culture
• Large populations
• Suburbs
• Political units that touch the borders of the
  central city
• ie Redlands
• Exurbs
• Smaller cities with open land between them and
  the central city
• Metropolitan Area
• Cities, suburbs, exurbs link together to form a
  functional area

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Urbanization

• Rise in the number of cities and the changes in
  lifestyle

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City locations

• Cities grow around lakes, rivers or coastal areas
  that allow for good transportation
• Areas with good natural resources
• Economic growth because of location
• Ex. Pittsburgh, PA located around iron and coal
  mines

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Land Use

• Residential homes and apts.
• Industrial manufacturing
• Commercial private businesses

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Central Business District (CBD)

• Core of the city, almost always based on
  commercial activity
• Land is very expensive

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The City Center

• The city is the center of a variety of functions
  including shopping, entertainment, government
  services, education, and cultural services

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Ch. 4.5 Economic Geography

• Economy
• Consists of the production and exchange of goods
  and services among a group
• Economic System
• the way people produce and exchange goods and
  services

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Types of Economic Systems

• Traditional Econ. no exchange of money
• Command Econ
• Production is determined by a central govt.
• Market Econ
• Production is determined by demand from consumers
• Mixed Econ
• combination of command and market econs for the
  benefit of all

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Economic Levels

• Primary Activities
• Gather raw materials, derived from resources

• Secondary Activities
• Turn raw materials into goods

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• Tertiary Activities
• Add business and professional services
• Quaternary Activities
• Activities by highly-trained persons

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Natural Resources

• Renewable
• Resources can be replaced through a natural
  process
• Non-renewable
• Resources that can not be replaced once they have
  been removed
• Inexhaustible
• as a result of the planetary or solar process

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Economic Support System

• Infrastructure
• Basic support system that keeps an economy going
• The more sophisticated the more developed the
  country is

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Measuring Econ. Development

• Per-Capita Income
• The average amount of money earned by each person
  in a political unit
• GNP Gross National Product
• Total value of all goods and services
• GDP Gross Domestic Product
• Total value of all goods and services within a
  country