Greece www.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jsp

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Greecewww.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jsp

• Geographically
• Southern part of the Balkan Peninsula
• Greece is on a peninsula (accessible by land and
  sea!)
• Most Greeks were fishermen and traders

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Minoanswww.cretashop.gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan20fre
sco.gif

• Located on island of Crete
• Architecture Buildings contain private rooms,
  plumbing, and artwork on walls
• Language Linear A, has yet to be interpreted
• Economy trade
• Volcano erupts in 1628 empire starts to decline
• Defeated by the Mycenaeans

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Mycenaeanswww.wsu.edu8080/.../
MODULES/MINOA/TITLE2.GIF

• Controlled Greece from 1600-1200 B.C.
• Traded with Minoans copied Minoan writing
  system to develop their own system
• Mycenaean writing has been translated
• Society based on
• Intense competition
• Frequent warfare
• Powerful kings

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Characteristics of city-states

• Known as a Polis (city-state)
• Small (in terms of land)
• Populations of lt 10,000
• Fort (Acropolis)
• Agora
• Independent
• Greek speaking
• Saw non-Greeks as barbarians
• Ruled by chieftain

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Governing City-States

• Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop
  fortresses
• Needed wealthy nobles because they had money to
  buy chariots, horses,and weapons to fight
• Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class)
  was born

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Sparta vs. Athens

• Sparta
• Located on Peloponnesus
• Militaristic
• Whole life built around it
• Class system
• Equals decended from invaders rulers
• Half-Citizens
• Helots - slaves
• Ruled by two kings/Council of Elders

• Athens
• Located on the Attic Peninsula
• Mostly sea traders
• Society
• Citizens All Athenian born men
• Metics born outside paid taxes but could
  not participate in govt or own land
• Slaves
• Early government
• Governed by nine archons

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The Classical Age

• Democracy (form of government run by the people)
  comes to Athens
• How did democracy come to Athens?
• Early on Athens is a monarchy (ruled by a king)
• Kings then replaced by aristocrats (people who
  had both power and money)
• Most of Athenians were poor and had little power,
  conflicts began
• To help resolve this issue Draco reformed law in
  Athens

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Dracowww.auburn.edu/downejm/ sp/alpcontents.html

• Believed to have created Athens first code of
  law
• Law harsh and severe
• Any laws now considered harsh today are referred
  to as Draconian
• Draconian law did not settle class disputes

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Solonwww.nimispauci.com/ Laerce/SeptSages/Solon.j
pg

• Overturns Draconian law in 590s BC
• Outlawed debt slavery
• Reduced poverty
• Allowed ALL men to serve in Athenian Assembly
• Relieved some tension

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Peisistratuswww.learnline.de/angebote/
realideal/apotheose...

• Ruled Athens as tyrant
• Had support of lower classes
• Pushed aristocrats out of office
• Increased trade
• Policies improve Economy

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Cleistheneswww.pbs.org/.../characters/
cleisthenes_p8.html

• Reforms set stage for democracy in Athens
• Began democracy in Athens
• Divided Athens citizens into 10 tribes they
  chose 50 representatives -gt formed Council of
  Five Hundred

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Nature of early Athenian Democracy

• Voting Requirements
• 20 years old
• Member of Athenian military
• Free Athenian
• Women, immigrants, and children had no role
• People who could take part in Athenian government
  were expected to
• Vote in all elections
• Serve in office if elected
• Serve on Juries
• Serve in military during war
• Three main bodies of government
• Assembly
• Council of 500
• Court System
• Athens was a direct democracy (all people,
  allowed to, voted directly on an issue)

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Persian Wars 509-479 BCccwf.cc.utexas.edu/
perlman/myth/lecture15.html

• Causes
• Ionian Rebellion against Persians
• Athens sends help to Ionia
• Persians upset at rebellion
• Ionians are punished and get upset
• Trouble begins in Ionia
• Ionian (Greek citizens in Asia Minor) rebel
  against Persian rule.
• Rebellion crushed but.

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Battle of Marathon

• 490 B.C.
• Major upset Athenians although outnumbered win
• New Tactic unveiled by Greece
• Phalanx a tight triangle formation in which
  soldiers held long spears out ahead of a wall of
  shields
• Allowed Greeks to close in on Persians from
  sides, forcing retreat
• Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to tell of
  victory (26 miles), He dies of exhaustion shortly
  after delivering message

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Dariushome.att.net/ tabriz/newpage1.htm

• Wanted to punish Athens for the rebellion
• Invade Greece
• 1st major battle

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Second Invasionwww.2frompars.com/
Xerxes20(Khashayar20Shah).htm

• 480 B.C.
• This one led by Xerxes, son of Darius
• Two major battles
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Battle of Salamis

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Battle of Thermopylae

• Land battle which united all Greeks
• Persian attack through narrow mountain pass-
  eventually find way around
• 300 Spartan soldiers killed while Athenians
  returned home to save Athens

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Battle of Salamiswww.livius.org/he-hg/
herodotus/logos8_24.html

• Naval Battle of coast of the island of Salamis
• Athens won because their smaller ships were more
  mobile than the larger Persian ships
• Major victory for Athens

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Effects of the Persian Wars

• Persia weakens no longer the power of the area
• Athenian power increases leader of the new
  Delian League (league of independent Greek
  city-states) purpose was the protection of each
  of the city-states
• Athens got rich from Delian League monies

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Age of Pericles24.24.31.212/literature/
POL-HS-Pericles.htm

• 1st citizen of Greece world
• Began massive building projects
• Parthenon
• Took democracy to a new level
• Used Delian League money for building projects

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The Peloponnesian War

• Sparta vs. Athens
• 431 B.C. 404 B.C.
• Strengths
• Sparta Athens
• Had greatest army Had the greatest Navy

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Early Years of War

• Sparta begins invasion of Attica Peninsula
• Athenians withdraw behind walls of city
• Most cities would be besieged but not Athens
• Great Navy
• Long Walls
• Athens is decimated by a plague killing
  thousands including Pericles

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Athens begins to fall

• Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) driven back
  begins downward spiral of Athens
• Aristocracy overthrown democracy restored
  government weakened
• Eventually food supply cut off Athens forced to
  surrender in 404 B.C.

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Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars

• Greece becomes politically unstable
• Athens becomes second class city
• Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to unite
  Greece
• Will eventually be united by an outside power

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Religious Life

• Religion was used to explain nature
• Used to explain why emotions caused people to
  lose control
• Benefits
• Long life
• Good luck
• Good harvests

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Greeces Golden Age
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Architecture

• Showed the love of beauty in the buildings
• Temples
• gymnasiums
• Theatres
• Types of architecture are still used today
• Examples Parthenon Amphitheater

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Theatre in Athens www.spudles.com/travels/
Europe2002Pics/Athens...
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Painting Sculpture

• Painting
• Painted on vases, plates, and other vessels
• Used two colors red and black
• Created Murals (wall paintings)
• Most ancient Greek art has been lost or destroyed
• Greatest sculptors
• Myron
• The Discus Thrower
• Phidias
• Zues
• Praxiteles
• Showed Greek love for the human body

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Greek Ideals

• Expressed in Art in four ways
• Greek art glorified human beings
• Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride in their
  city-states
• Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, order, and
  moderation
• Expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty
  and usefulness

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Greek Philosophers

• Lovers of Wisdom

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Socrateslilt.ilstu.edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socra
tes.jpg

• Sought truth about the following concepts
• Truth, Justice, Virtue
• Socratic method People can learn best by asking
  questions
• Study behavior to learn how to improve society as
  a whole
• Fell victim of frustrations of Athens loss in
  the Peloponnesian War
• Forced to drink hemlock

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Platowww.uh.edu/cfreelan/courses/Plato.JPEG

• Taught Philosophers are best suited to govern
  other people
• Every material object in the world is only the
  reflection of perfect ideal
• Began school called the Academy continues for
  900 years
• Believed in an aristocracy

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Aristotlewww.hao.ucar.edu/.../
sp/images/aristotle.html

• Student of Plato
• Based everything on logical thought and processes
• Pioneer of the use of reason and logic
• Greatest good people can perform is practice of
  rational thought
• Contributed to development of science, mostly
  biology

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Mathematics Advancementswww.uncletaz.com/norsktaz
/pythagoras.jpg

• Pythagoras
• Came up with the Pythagorean Theory
• A2 B2 C2

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Medicinehistorical-studies.ncl.ac.uk/images/aux_i
mages/hippocrates.jpg

• Hippocrates
• Father of Medicine
• Hippocratic Oath

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Historianswww.losttrails.com/media/Herodotus/athe
ns35-30b.jpg

• Herodotus
• First known historian

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Thucydideswww.livius.org/a/1/greeks/thucydides.jp
g

• Historian whose greatest works surround the
  Peloponnesian War

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Drama

• Tragedies
• - Aeschylus writer of plays based on
  Ancient Greek Myths and Greek history
• - Sophocles writer of plays based on
  suffering that people brought upon
  themselves most characters had fatal
  flaws that brought tragedy
• - Euripides writer of plays in which tragedy
  was brought on by chance or irrational
  behavior
• Comedies were also written by Greek playwrights

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Macedonian Conquests of Greece
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Phillip II of Macedonetc.usf.edu/clipart/1200/125
4/philip2_1_lg.gif

• Called on by Isocrates (Greek Philosopher) to
  invade Greece for the purposes of unification
• Became Macedonian king in 359 B.C.
• Builds great army
• New phalanx
• Begins take over of Greece

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Downfall of Phillip II

• 337 B.C. Phil divorces wife and mother of
• Alexander and marries
  daughter
• of high ranking noble who has
  
• son to challenge Alexanders
  right
• to throne
• Former guardsman, Pausanias stabs Phillip
• Alexander takes the throne

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Alexander the Greatmurugan.org/research/alexander
-m.jpg

• Builds great empire
• Conquers Persians
• Conquers areas South to Egypt and east to India
• Proclaimed as Pharaoh by newly liberated
  Egyptians
• Spreads Hellenistic culture
• Combination of Greek and eastern customs
• Dies in 328 B.C., at age 33, after ruling only 12
  years and 8 months
• Alexander did not name an heir, Empire begins to
  dismantle

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Alexanders Empire
www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/maps/Image1b.gi
f
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Hellenistic Greece

• Hellenistic Greek-like
• Cultural diffusion took place in Greek lands
  (cultures were blended together)
• Alexandria, city built at mouth of Nile river
  becomes Egypts capital and a major trade port in
  the Mediterranean

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ArchitectureAlexanderia, Egypt
www.touregypt.net/village/alex3.jpg
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Hellenistic Achievements

• Philosophy
• Cynicism people who follow this are called
  cynics, rejected ideas of pleasure, wealth, and
  social responsibility. People should live
  according to nature
• Epicureans People should seek out pleasure and
  try to avoid pain
• Stoicism Emphasized reason, self-deiscipline,
  emotional control, and personal morality
• Art/Literature
• Art conveyed emotion
• Art portrayed women more often
• Literature began to be about daily life
• Science/Technology
• Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry
• Erasthones Calculated size of the world
• Archimedes worked with math and physics to make
  life easier developed compound pulley to life
  heavy loads, mechanical screw to draw water out
  of a ships hold or well
• A tiny steam engine used to power mechanical toys