Chapter 13

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Chapter 13 Early History of Europe
Section Notes
Video
Impact of Greek Scholars
Ancient Greece The Roman World The Middle Ages
Maps
Europe, 2000 BC-AD 1500 Greek City-States and
Colonies, c. 600 BC Alexander the Greats Empire,
c. 323 BC Expansion of Rome, 100 BC-AD 117 Early
Christianity in the Roman Empire The First
Crusade, 1096 Western Europe, 1000 Europe, 2000
BC-AD 1500 Europe, AD 117
Close-up
The Parthenon The Roman Forum Life on a Manor
Images
Quick Facts
Greek Art Roman Conquests The Decline of
Rome Feudal Relationships
Chapter 13 Visual Summary
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Ancient Greece

• The Big Idea
• Through colonization, trade, and conquest, the
  Greeks spread their culture in Europe and Asia.
• Main Ideas
• Early Greek culture saw the rise of the
  city-state and the creation of colonies.
• The golden age of Greece saw advances in
  government, art, and philosophy.
• Alexander the Great formed a huge empire and
  spread Greek culture into new areas.

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Main Idea 1Early Greek culture saw the rise of
the city-state and the creation of colonies.
City-States

• City-states were political units made up of a
  city and all the surrounding lands.
• Usually built around a hill called the acropolis
  that held a fortress, temples, and other public
  buildings
• Most people thought of themselves as residents of
  a city-state, not as Greeks.

• Greeks established colonies around the Black and
  Mediterranean seas.
• Trade between cities and colonies helped keep
  Greek culture strong all over Europe.

Colonies
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Main Idea 2The golden age of Greece saw
advances in government, art, and philosophy.

• The period between 500 and 300 BC in Greece was a
  golden age, a period marked by great
  achievements.
• The golden age began after the Greeks banded
  together to defeat the powerful Persian Empire.
• Athens, the city-state that had led the fight
  against Persia, became the cultural center of
  Greece.
• Famous politicians, artists, and thinkers lived
  in Athens.
• Leaders like Pericles supported the arts.
• Athens was the worlds first democracy. People
  elected their leaders and helped make government
  decisions.

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Golden Age Achievements

• Architecture
• Greeks built magnificent marble structures all
  over Greece.
• Most famous building is the Parthenon, a huge
  temple in Athens.
• Greek buildings were symbols of the glory of the
  cities in which they were built.

• Art
• Greek art is still admired today.
• Greeks are most famous for their statues and
  carvings.
• They wanted their art to look realistic. Artists
  studied the human body to make their work as
  lifelike as possible.

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Golden Age Achievements

• Science
• Greeks wanted to learn how the human body works.
• Made advances in many fields
• Medicine
• Biology
• Math
• Astronomy
• Other sciences

• Philosophy
• Philosophers tried to figure out how people could
  be happy.
• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were some of the
  most influential thinkers in world history.
• Their ideas still shape how we think today.

• Literature
• Wrote timeless classics
• Created stories about great heroes and
  adventures, poems about love and friendship, and
  fables meant to teach lessons
• Created drama, or plays, as a form of popular
  entertainment

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End of the Golden Age

• The golden age ended due to conflict between
  Athens and its rival city-state, Sparta.
• Sparta was a military city with a powerful army.
• Jealous of the influence Athens had over other
  city-states, Sparta attacked Athens.
• The war between Athens and Sparta ripped Greece
  apart. In the end, Sparta won.
• After the war, Greece was in shambles. Thousands
  of people had been killed and whole cities had
  been destroyed.

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Main Idea 3Alexander the Great formed a huge
empire and spread Greek culture into new areas.
Alexander the Great conquered Greece in the 330s
BC.
From Greece, he set out to create an empire. At
its height, the empire stretched from Greece to
India and included all of Central Asia and Egypt.
Alexander worked to spread Greek culture through
his empire. As a result, a new culture formed
that blended Greek and other cultures. Historians
call this culture Hellenistic, or Greek-like.
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The Roman World

• The Big Idea
• The Romans unified parts of Europe, Africa, and
  Asia in one of the ancient worlds greatest
  civilizations.
• Main Ideas
• The Roman Republic was governed by elected
  leaders.
• The Roman Empire was a time of great
  achievements.
• The spread of Christianity began during the
  empire.
• Various factors helped bring about the decline of
  Rome.

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Main Idea 1The Roman Republic was governed by
elected leaders.
Government

• Rome was originally a monarchy.
• In 509 BC the Romans overthrew their king and
  created a republic, a government in which people
  elect their leaders.
• Romes leaders were advised by the Senate, a
  council of powerful Romans.
• All Roman citizens were encouraged to vote and
  take part in the government.

Expansion

• Under the republic, Rome grew. By 100 BC the
  Romans ruled much of the Mediterranean world.
• The Romans conquered and took over many lands.
  For example, they fought and defeated Carthage in
  North Africa.

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Main Idea 2The Roman Empire was a time of
great achievements.

• The change from republic to empire began after
  the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.
• Caesars adopted son Octavian took over the Roman
  world. As ruler, he was renamed Augustus, which
  means honored one.
• Augustus was respected for his many
  accomplishments
• Added territory to the empire
• Built monuments and public buildings
• Improved roads
• Augustuss rule was the beginning of the Pax
  Romana or Roman Peace, a period of peace and
  achievement that lasted for about 200 years.

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Achievements of the Pax Romana

• Building andEngineering
• Great builders and engineers
• Many Roman buildings are still standing today.
• Romans also built durable roads, bridges, and
  aqueducts, or channels used to carry water over
  long distances.

• Language and Law
• Many modern languages based on Latin, the Roman
  language
• Wrote great plays, poems, and stories
• Roman law influenced many legal systems around
  the world, including that of the United States.

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Main Idea 3 The spread of Christianity began
during the empire.

• Christianity is based on the life, actions, and
  teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
• Christianity began in Judea in southwest Asia but
  quickly spread through the rest of the Roman
  world.
• Early Christians traveled from city to city,
  teaching people about their beliefs. As a result,
  large communities of Christians formed in many
  Roman cities.

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Christianity in the Roman World

• Some Roman leaders feared that Christians would
  rebel against the government.
• To prevent rebellion, these leaders began to
  persecute, or punish, Christians.
• Christians practiced their religion in secret to
  avoid persecution.

Persecution

• In the 300s the emperor Constantine became a
  Christian.
• Constantine ended persecution.

Acceptance

• In the 380s all non-Christian religions were
  banned in Rome.
• Christianity became a powerful influence in the
  Roman world.

Official Religion
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Main Idea 4 Various factors helped bring about
the decline of Rome.

• By the late 300s, Roman society was weakening.
• Crime rates rose.
• Taxes and poverty increased.
• The Roman education system broke down.
• The government fell apart.
• Many people no longer felt loyal to Rome.
• Many factors contributed to the weakening.

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Factors in Romes Decline

• Government Problems
• For years Rome was ruled by bad emperors who were
  more interested in their own happiness than in
  ruling well.
• Ambitious military leaders tried to take over,
  but they were no better than the bad emperors.
• Civil wars between rival leaders added to Romes
  problems.

• Invasions
• Barbarian invaders began to attack Roman
  territory in the 300s and 400s.
• The powerful invaders defeated Roman armies and
  took land away from the Romans.
• In 476 an invading group destroyed Rome and
  overthrew the last emperor. Most historians
  consider this event the end of the Roman Empire
  in western Europe.

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The Middle Ages

• The Big Idea
• Christianity and social systems influenced life
  in Europe in the Middle Ages.
• Main Ideas
• The Christian church influenced nearly every
  aspect of society in the Middle Ages.
• Complicated political and economic systems
  governed life in the Middle Ages.
• The period after 1000 was a time of great changes
  in medieval society.

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Main Idea 1The Christian church influenced
nearly every aspect of society in the Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages in Europe lasted from about 500
to about 1500.
The Middle Ages are also known as the medieval
period.
Nearly everyone in Europe in the Middle Ages was
Christian. Europeans felt tied together by their
beliefs.
Almost no part of life in Europe was unaffected
by the Christian church and its teachings.
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The Churchs Roles

• Politics
• Church leaders were also political leaders.
• The pope, the head of the church, was one of the
  most powerful people in Europe.
• The pope even had the power to start wars, such
  as the Crusades.

• Daily Life
• Peoples lives often centered around their local
  church.
• Markets, festivals, and ceremonies were held in
  churches.
• Priests advised people on how to live and kept
  written records for them.

• Art
• Most art in the Middle Ages was influenced by the
  church.
• Art, literature, and music dealt with religious
  themes.
• A new style of architecture called Gothic
  architecture was used for large churches.

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Main Idea 2Complicated political and economic
systems governed life in the Middle Ages.
Feudal System

• Political system based on exchange of land for
  military service
• Nobles gave land to knights.
• Knights promised to serve nobles loyally,
  especially in war.

Manor System

• Economic system centered on large estates called
  manors
• Nobles owned manors but needed workers.
• Peasants and serfs lived on the manor and worked
  the fields. In exchange for a place to live, they
  gave the noble most of the harvest.

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Towns and Trade

• Not everyone in Europe lived on manors. Some
  lived in towns, which were usually small, dirty,
  and dark.
• Many people who lived in towns worked as traders.
• After the year 1000 trade increased dramatically.
• As trade grew, more people moved to cities. As
  cities became larger, they became centers of
  culture and wealth.

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Main Idea 3The period after 1000 was a time of
great changes in medieval society.

• Document signed by King John of England in 1215
• Stated that the king had to obey the law
• Considered an early step toward democracy

Magna Carta

• Swept through Europe after 1347
• Killed up to a third of Europes population

Black Death

• Fought between England and France
• French victory inspired kings to increase their
  power, leading to the creation of a nation-state.

Hundred Years War
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