Solar%20Energy

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Solar Energy
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The Sun

• 99.98 of enegy from the sun
• 1/3 of the tide and flood caused by the suns
  gravitation
• Distance 150 million kilometers

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The Sun

• 99,9 of the mass of the solar system(1,989 x
  1030 kg)
• Temperature at the centre 14,8 million K
• Surface temperature 5.800 K
• 73,5 Hidrogen, 25 Helium
• Gravity 27 times higher than on earth
• Ca. 4,5 billion years old

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Energy generation in the Sun

• Mainly proton-proton reaction
• 564 mio t of hidrogen are burned to 560 mio t of
  Helium
• Output power3,7 x 1026 W
• Emc2

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Structure of the Sun

• Structure
• Core
• Radiation zone
• Convection zone
• Photosphere
• Chromosphere
• Corona

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Lifecycle

• 4,6 billions years ago gravitational collaps
• Today main sequence evolution (halfway in ca. 10
  billion years of H to He fusion)
• In 0,9 billion years earth temperature gt 30C
• In 1,9 million yearsearth temperature gt 100C
• in 7 billion years red giant, venus and mercury
  destroyed, earth surface molten
• He to C fusion starts (ca 130 million years)
• White dwarf (only 50 of its original mass)

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Solar spectrum

• Solar constant (AM 0) 1354 W/m2
• AM 1 1040 W/m2
• AM 1,5 970 W/m2

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Solar energy harvesting

• Photovoltaic or Photothermal

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Solar thermal energy harvesting
Solar thermal energy harnessing

• Passive
• Ventilation
• Thermal mass

• Active
• Heating
• Cooling
• electricity

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Passive usage of Solar Energy Ventilation

• Solar chimney
• Down Draft cool
• tower

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Passive usage of Solar Energy heat mass

• Simply heat mass for storing energy
• Trombe wall

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Active usage of solar energy cooling
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Active usage of solar energyheating

• Solar collectors
• Themosyphon
• Low Flow System
• High Flow System

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Active usage of solar energyheating
Solar thermal collectors

• Non concentrated
• Flat plate
• Evacuated tubes

• Concentrator type
• parabolic trough
• parabolic dishes
• heliostats
• evacuated tubes

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Non concentrated solar thermal collectors
Flat plate collectors simple, hot water
generation and auxilliary heating, heat losses in
cold perois
Evacuated tube collectors Lower heat losses in
cold periods, For water heating and auxilliary
heating
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Concentrator type solar thermal collectors

• High temperatures possible
• Using coolants for heat
• transfer (mostly some oil)

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Active usage of solar energyelectricity

• Always use concentrators (except photovoltaics)
• Concentrated solar energy is used to produce
  steam
• Normal steamturbine-generator power plants
• Stirling motors

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Solar power towers

• Solar One in the USA
• PS 10 Spainusing molten sodium

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Solar power plants

• SEGS 354 MW(USA)
• Andasol 1 20 MW
• (Spain)

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Other types of solar power plants
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Process heat