Classification of Matter

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Chapter 1

• Classification of Matter
• Part 3

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Classification of Matter
3
Classification of Matter
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Pure Substances

• A pure substance has a fixed composition.
• Pure substances are either compounds or elements.
• A pure substance differs from a mixture in the
  following ways
• Every sample of a given pure substance has
  exactly the same characteristic
  properties.
• Every sample of a given pure substance has
  exactly the same composition.

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Mixtures

• A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of
  matter, each of which retains its own identity
  and properties
• mixed together physically
• can usually be separated
• Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous

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Heterogeneous mixtures

• Are not uniform in composition.
• Examples
• Sand and salt
• Sand and water

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Homogeneous mixtures

• Uniform in composition,
• Example
• Salt and water
• Nitrogen and oxygen in air.
• Copper and silver in sterling silver.

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Which is which?
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(No Transcript)
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Solutions

• Homogeneous mixtures are also known as solutions.
• Any part of a mixture with uniform composition is
  known as a phase.
• Salt and water one phase
• Oil and water 2 phases

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Parts of a solution
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Types of solutions Types of solutions Types of solutions Types of solutions Types of solutions Types of solutions Types of solutions
   
Examples of solutions Examples of solutions Examples of solutions Solute Solute Solute Solute Solute
Examples of solutions Examples of solutions Examples of solutions Gas Liquid Liquid Solid Solid
Solvent Gas Gas
Solvent Liquid Liquid
Solvent Solid Solid
The odor of a solid results from molecules of
that solid being dissolved in the air
Oxygen and other gases in nitrogen (air)
Water vapor in air (humidity)
Ethanol (common alcohol) in water various
hydrocarbons in each other (petroleum)
Carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water)
Sucrose (table sugar) in water sodium chloride
(table salt) in water gold in mercury, forming
an amalgam
Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals
platinum has been studied as a storage medium
Water in activated charcoal moisture in wood
Steel, duralumin, other metal alloys
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Separating mixtures

• Physical means are used to separate mixtures.
• Pick it out
• Use a magnet
• But there are other physical means

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Other methods
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What other Physical methods?

• Filtration
• Evaporation
• Any method that does not change the physicals
  properties of the substances.

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Pure Substances

• Pure Substances are either Compounds or Elements.
• Compounds are chemically bound elements. They
  can be broken down into elements.
• Elements cannot be broken down further.

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Periodic Table
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Symbols

• A chemical symbol is an abbreviation of the name
  of a chemical element.
• Natural elements all have symbols of one or two
  letters.
• Some man-made elements have temporary symbols of
  three letters.

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Regions of the Periodic Table
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Introduction to the Periodic Table

• The vertical columns of the periodic table are
  called groups, or families.
• Each group contains elements with similar
  chemical properties.
• The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic
  table are called periods.
• Physical and chemical properties change somewhat
  regularly across a period.

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Types of Elements

• Metals
• A metal is an element that is a good electrical
  conductor and a good heat conductor.
• Properties of metals
• most are solids at room temperature
• malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into
  thin sheets
• ductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire
• conduct electricity and heat well

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Chapter 1
Types of Elements

• Metals
• A metal is an element that is a good electrical
  conductor and a good heat conductor.
• Properties of metals
• most are solids at room temperature
• malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into
  thin sheets
• ductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire
• conduct electricity and heat well

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Section 3 Elements
Chapter 1
Types of Elements

• Gold, copper, and aluminum are metals

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Types of Elements
Chapter 1

• Nonmetals
• A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor
  of heat and electricity.
• Properties of nonmetals
• many are gases
• solids are brittle
• poor conductors of heat and electricity

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Chapter 1
Types of Elements

• Various nonmetal elements
• (a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, and (d)
  iodine

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Types of Elements
Chapter 1

• Metalloids
• A metalloid is an element that has some
  characteristics of metals and some
  characteristics of nonmetals.
• Properties of metalloids
• all metalloids are solids at room temperature
• semiconductors of electricity

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Section 3 Elements
Chapter 1
Types of Elements
Noble Gases

• generally unreactive

• elements in Group 8A of the periodic table

• gases at room temperature