Manifest Destiny

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Manifest Destiny
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Review

• Whiskey Rebellion Washington sent in troops to
  put down the rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers
• National Bank Washington authorized a bank of
  the United States for twenty years

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• Enumerated powers powers specifically mentioned
  in the Constitution
• Implied powers not specifically listed but
  necessary for the government to do its job

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Executive Departments (Cabinet)

• Congress accepts three departments
• Dept. of Foreign Affairs (State)
• Thomas Jefferson
• Dept. of War (Defense)
• Henry Knox
• Department of Treasury
• Alexander Hamilton

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French Revolution - 1793

• French radicals executed the French King and
  declared war on Great Britain
• According to the Treaty of Paris, America was
  supposed to help France
• Washington said he was going to stay friendly
  and impartial

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Jays Treaty - 1794

• British were seizing American ships that were
  going to or from France
• Washington sent John Jay to settle the dispute
• British could seize ships heading to or from
  France
• British had to give America most-favored nation
  status could not halt or alter trade relations
• Many Americans were angry! Why?
• Should Washington pass the treaty?

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• Washington passed Jays Treaty

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Pinckneys Treaty - 1795

• Spain joined the French Revolution on the side of
  France and feared the U.S. would eventually side
  with Britain
• Spain offered America the right to use the
  Mississippi River for navigation and use the port
  at New Orleans for trade
• Why was this a big deal?

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New territory

• Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were states
• Washington sent troops (Anthony Wayne) into
  Native lands to get control of the Ohio region
  (Treaty of Greenville)
• Should Washington take Native lands?

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Political Parties

• Hamiltons National Bank divided Congress
• Hamiltons supporters Federalists
• Strong national government
• Distrust in the capability of the people
• National wealth and power depended on
  manufacturing and trade
• Jefferson and Madisons supporters Republicans
• National wealth and power depended on the farmers
  
• Did not want division between the rich and the
  poor
• Wanted more states rights

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Farewell Address

• Warned of
• The danger of political parties
• Not separating church and state
• Not making foreign alliances

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Presidential Report Card

• List 10 qualifications that you look for in a
  president (what makes a good leader?)
• Under each qualification, put a BRIEF description
  of what you expect
• Put them on a scale of 1 5 (5 being perfect)
• Once you are finished, rate Washington on your
  report card

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EXAMPLE
Trait 1 2 3 4 5
Funny - knows how to lighten the mood
Smart knows his US history
Happy always has a smile on his face
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
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Election of 1796

• Federalists John Adams
• Republicans Thomas Jefferson
• Electoral College voted Adams 71 to Jefferson 68

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XYZ Affair

• France began stopping and seizing American ships
  that were headed to Britain
• The Federalists began demanding a declaration of
  war against France

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XYZ Affair

• President Adams sent Charles Pinckney, Elbridge
  Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate with France
• France demanded a bribe of 250,000 before they
  would talk to the Americans

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XYZ Affair

• 1798 America suspended trade with France and
  began capturing armed French ships at sea
• This soon became known as the Quasi-War
  undeclared French/American War at sea
• Convention of 1800 France would let US out of
  the Treaty of Paris and America would not ask for
  money to pay for French damage

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Vocab

• Alien people who are living in the country who
  are not citizens
• Sedition incitement of rebellion

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Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1798)
Issue Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Economy? Manufacturing Agrarian (farming)
National Bank? Bank (helps manufacturing) No Bank (too much federal power)
Interpret Constitution? Broadly (is it expressly forbidden?) Strictly (is it expressly permitted?)
Balance of Power? National Authority States Rights
Foreign Policy? Pro-British Pro-French
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• The United States . . . were threatened with
  actual invasion . . . and had then, within the
  bosom of the country, thousands of aliens, who,
  we doubt not, were ready to cooperate in any
  external attack.

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Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Naturalization Act To be eligible for citizenship, an alien must prove 14 years of residence within the United States (previously 5 years).
Alien Act President may deport any alien he views as dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S. No trial or evidence required. No defense.
Alien Enemies Act President may, in case of war, deport aliens of an enemy country or impose severe restraints on them.
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Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Sedition Act Illegal to conspire to oppose any measure or to impede the operation of any law of the United States. 2) Illegal for any person to write print or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writing . . . . against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress . . . or the President . . . with intent to defame or to bring them into contempt or disrepute or to excite against them the hatred of the good people of the United States.
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - 1798

• Secretly written by Jefferson and Madison
• Said that the states created the Constitution and
  could declare federal laws unconstitutional
• Argued
• Interposition stop anything the federal
  government does that is illegal before it affects
  the people
• Nullification states had the right to declare
  unconstitutional laws invalid

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Thomas Jefferson

• Revolution of 1800 had Washington and Adams
  been too much like royalty?
• Wanted to go back to the idea of a small
  government

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• Jefferson
• Began paying off national debt
• Cut government spending
• Killed whiskey tax
• Wanted militias instead of armies

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The Supreme Court

• Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 federal judges
• Adams midnight judges
• Jefferson repealed the act and removed Adams
  judges from office

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Adams (before leaving office) appointed John
  Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• Also, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice
  of the peace in D.C.
• Jefferson told Secretary of State James Madison
  to hold the appointment in hopes that Marbury
  would quit

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• Marshall and the Supreme Court agreed that it was
  not their place to intervene (it was not
  constitutional)
• Set up judicial review Supreme Court could
  decide whether or not laws passed by Congress
  were constitutional or not and strike down those
  that were not

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• A growing country meant a growing population
• Did this mean that there was a need for more
  land?
• In 1800, Napoleon convinced Spain to give
  Louisiana back to France (control of the lower
  Mississippi River)
• Why was Jefferson worried?

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• Robert Livingston was sent to negotiate with
  Napoleon, and Napoleon agreed to sell the
  Louisiana territory (and New Orleans) to America
• Why in the world would he do that?

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• This became known as the Louisiana Purchase - 15
  million and doubled the size of the United States

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1804 Lewis and Clark

• Congress and Jefferson approved the Corps of
  Discovery
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
• Goal trace the Missouri River and find a route
  to the Pacific Ocean

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• Sacagawea pregnant Shoshone guide for the
  expedition
• Her life before and after the expedition are
  mainly myth

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• Lewis and Clark
• Expedition lasted a little over 2 1/2 years
  (coast to coast and back)
• Mapped the new Louisiana Territory
• Claimed the Oregon Territory for the United
  States
• Detailed journals of the land, the weather, the
  plants, and the animals

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• Federalists were not happy about the Louisiana
  Purchase because they said this would eventually
  take power away from the original states.

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• Aaron Burr was the vice-president under Jefferson
  and was nominated to run for governor of New York
  to make sure the balance of power stayed with the
  original states.

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• Alexander Hamilton said that Burr was a
  dangerous man, and one that ought not to be
  trusted with the reins of government

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• Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
• 1804 Burr shot and killed Hamilton (who refused
  to fire)

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Britain and France at war

• America was caught in the middle because of trade
  restrictions
• British sailors were disserting and catching
  American ships

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• Impressment forced into military service
  (similar to the draft)
• Britain was forcing sailors into the Navy and
  would search for them on American ships
  (sometimes captured)
• Three American sailors would be killed, causing
  an American uproar

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• Jefferson would place an embargo (ban on trade
  with other countries) on Europe
• Embargo Act of 1807
• Repealed one year later
• Hurt US more than France or Britain

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• Jefferson stepped down after 2 terms
• James Madison easily beat Charles Pinckney as the
  4th president of the United States

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• To stop the British from seizing American ships,
  Madison passed the Non-Intercourse Act forbade
  trade with France and Britain
• Failed miserably

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• The United States eventually began trading with
  the French but refused to buy British goods
• Hurt British economy

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• Should the United States get involved in the war
  between the British and the French?
• If yes, on what side?

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War of 1812

• Many supporters of war with Britain became known
  as War Hawks (mainly from South and West)
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Felix Grundy
• Why? Restrictions had hurt American planters and
  some claimed that the British were supporting a
  Native uprising

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• Natives were not getting aide from Britain, but
  they were angry about the increased invasion of
  their land.
• Tecumseh (Shawnee) was the Natives to unite to
  protect their lands worked with The Prophet

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• Governor of Indiana territory, William Henry
  Harrison, wanted to stop the defense immediately
• Became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe
• ¼ of Harrisons men dead or wounded
• Killed confidence of many Natives and many fled
  to Canada

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• The Bank of the United States had been shut down
• Many Americans did not support the war (called it
  Mr. Madisons War)
• Madison approved the invasion of Canada to fight
  the British

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• 1812 - An American 3-sided attack failed
  miserably with the help of non-willing troops
• 1813 Americans won the Battle at Lake Erie
• 1813 Americans lost the Battle of Stony Creek
• Americans had not conquered any territory in
  Canada

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• 1814 Napoleon empire collapses and Britain can
  focus full attention on America
• Washington D.C. British burn the White House
  and Capitol
• Fort McHenry British not as successful, had to
  flee
• September 11, 1814 Americans defeat British at
  the Battle of Lake Champlain

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the Star-Spangled Banner

• Written by Francis Scott Key after the Battle of
  Fort McHenry
• Original lyrics
• Current lyrics

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• Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson and cotton
  bales win the battle?
• Nationalism soared
• Federalists fall
• Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war and
  created an American/Canadian border
• America recognized around the world

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• The 2nd Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816
  by John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel
  Webster
• Tariff of 1816 Britain was sending goods to the
  U.S. for cheap prices, making some American
  businesses suffer
• This tariff charged a tax on imports, making
  their price go up made more people willing to
  buy American goods

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James Monroe

• Elected in 1817
• Presidency would become known as the Era of Good
  Feelings
• Republicans start agreeing with the concept of a
  strong national government

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• Martin v. Hunters Lessee the Supreme Court had
  the authority to hear the appeals of state courts
• McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland wanted to tax
  the national bank and asked whether or not the
  national bank was constitutional
• What do you think?

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• Decision The federal government is responsible
  for collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating
  money, regulating commerce, and raising armies
  and navies
• The National Bank makes that possible
• Taxing the National Bank was unconstitutional

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• Gibbons v. Ogden gave the Congress the right to
  control interstate commerce
• Cohens v. Virginia states gave up soveriegnty
  when they ratified the Constitution and became
  part of the United States
• Fletcher v. Peck Court could overturn state
  laws if they were unconstitutional

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Problems with Spain

• Florida had been an issue with Southern states,
  mainly Georgia
• Escaped slaves would flee to Florida because
  Americans could not bring them back across lines
• Natives (mainly Seminoles) would live in Florida
  and stage raids on South Georgia

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• 1818 Andrew Jackson was sent into Florida
• He destroyed villages, seized settlements, and
  overthrew the Spanish governor of Florida
• Spain demanded punishment for Jackson and Monroe
  agreed
• However, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
  defended Jackson and said that it was merely the
  result of Spain not being able to keep order in
  Florida

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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

• The U.S. got complete control of Florida and the
  western boundary line was defined

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The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs
  of European countries or independent countries in
  the Americas
• Any European interference in America would be
  seen as an unfriendly act
• European countries could not colonize/claim any
  further territories in the Americas

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A New United States

• Erie Canal 363 mile artificial waterway that
  went from New York City to the Great Lakes

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• National Road 620 mile road that the Potomac
  and Ohio Rivers

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• 1807 Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston invent
  the steamboat

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• Peter Cooper built an American version of a
  British invention, the railroad
• Devils invention or iron horse?

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• American System National Bank, protective
  tariffs, and national improvements

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The Industrial Revolution

• Free enterprise open competition
• How can you make products cheaper, faster, and
  more efficiently
• Started in the Northeast

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• Francis Lowell cotton mills
• Eli Whitney interchangeable parts
• Samuel F.B. Morse morse code/telegraph

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• Cities began to get larger and larger
• Labor unions began to rise, pushing for higher
  wages and 10-hour workdays
• Use strikes to achieve their goals

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• The North focused on industrialization and
  manufacturing
• The South focused on agriculture and slavery
• Became known as the land of cotton
• Eli Whitney invented a machine that would take
  the seeds out of cotton the cotton gin

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Slavery

• Slave codes slaves could not
• Own property
• Leaving owners property without permission
• Possess a firearm
• Testify against a white person in court
• Learn to read or write
• CONSIDERED PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE

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• In 1819, there were 11 slave states and 11 free
  states
• Missouri Compromise Missouri would enter the
  Union as a slave state if Maine entered as a free
  state

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Election of 1824

• Henry Clay
• Andrew Jackson
• John Quincy Adams
• William Crawford
• Jackson got the most popular votes but no one got
  the majority in the electoral college

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• The House of Representatives would choose John
  Quincy Adams to be the next president
• Jackson accused Adams of being corrupt and
  created a political party known as the
  Democratic-Republicans, later shortened to the
  Democrats

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• The resistance would continue throughout the
  presidency
• 1828 Election came down to Adams v. Jackson
  not a classy election attacked each others
  personal decisions and morals

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• Jackson would clearly win the election and be
  referred to as Old Hickory

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1828 Jackson Elected President

• Peoples President
• Old Hickory

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The Peoples President

• Orphaned young
• Tennessees first Representative in Congress
• Hero in War of 1812
• Invaded Florida

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Jacksonian Democracy

• More and more Americans began to vote in
  elections
• Who was allowed to vote prior to the 1800s?
• How do you think it changed around 1828?

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Became known for using the spoils system
  appointing people to government jobs on the basis
  of party loyalty and support (rewarding your
  friends)

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Changed the concept of the election system
• Originally had the caucus system members of
  Congress chose presidential nominees
• Changed to having state delegates choose the
  presidential nominees
• Is this more fair?

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The Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Ambitions or Tariff of
  Abominations) tax on goods from England, which
  the South was the main region buying from England
• South Carolina wanted to secede from the Union
• Vice President John C. Calhoun offered a
  different idea to keep them from pulling away
  from the Union

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The Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun proposed the idea of nullification
  declaring a federal law null and void
• Jackson said that he would let nothing divide the
  Union under his presidency and lowered the tariff
  drastically
• South Carolina still claimed nullification and
  Jackson claimed that South Carolina was guilty of
  treason

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The Nullification Crisis

• Jackson sent the military into South Carolina
• Senator Henry Clay agreed to gradually lower the
  tax over a few years
• Both sides claimed victory! Who won?

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1830 Indian Removal Act

• Goal move Natives out into the mostly
  unoccupied Great Plains area
• Most complied with the request except for the
  Cherokee Indians from the Georgia/Alabama area
• They took it to the Supreme Court (Worcester v.
  Georgia) and they said Native properties must be
  honored
• Who was the Supreme Court Justice?
• What do you think Jackson will do?

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1830 Indian Removal Act

• Their resistance will be successful until Martin
  van Buren takes over the presidency and sends the
  military in to force them out west (Oklahoma)
• 4,000 Natives would die either before or during
  the trip
• Known as the Trail of Tears

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National Bank

• Jackson was re-elected in 1832
• Said that the National Bank was unconstitutional
  and refused to follow the Supreme Court decision
  in McColluch v. Maryland
• Jackson would eventually pull the money out of
  the Bank of the United States and put it in the
  state banks, forcing the National Bank to close
  completely

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Whig Party

• Wanted a larger federal government

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• Democrat Martin van Buren won the presidency in
  1836
• Trail of Tears
• Panic of 1837 banks and businesses failed,
  farmers lost work, unemployment went up
• What should van Buren do?

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• The Whig party nominated General William Henry
  Harrison as the presidential candidate with John
  Tyler as VP
• Tippecanoe and Tyler too
• Harrison easily beat van Buren (234-60 electoral)

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• Harrison gave his 2-hour inaugural address about
  changing the nation
• The speech was given outside in freezing
  temperatures he didnt wear a hat or coat
• Harrison died (of pneumonia) 32 days after
  becoming president

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President John Tyler

• Called his Accidency
• Major accomplishment created a boundary between
  the United States and Canada

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A New Culture

• Second Great Awakening
• Methodists
• Baptists
• Presbyterians
• Rise of the Mormons
• Joseph Smith
• Brigham Young

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New Literature

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• James Fenimore Cooper
• Nathanial Hawthorne
• Herman Melville
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Walt Whitman
• Emily Dickinson

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• The Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
• Rise of Nativism
• Newspapers and the penny press

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Forever Changing Society

• Prisons
• It would not be until the 1830s that prisons were
  kept in buildings like you would see today.
• Addition of solitary confinement and work crews
• Dorothea Dix prison reform for the mentally ill

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Temperance Movement

• ________________ moderation in the consumption
  of alcohol
• At this time, allowance/banning of alcohol was on
  a state by state basis.
• This will begin in the 1830s because of the
  revived focus on God, but it will make its mark
  in the 1880s following the Civil War.

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Education

• Horace Mann school reform, everything from
  building schools to raising salaries
• First mandatory attendance law 1852
• What do you think were the differences between
  the boys and girls schools?

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Women

• 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Seneca Falls Convention We hold these truths
  to be self-evident that all men and women are
  created equal.
• Wanted abolition
• Wanted __________________ seen as being worse
  than abolition.

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Slavery

• Gradualism ___________________________
• Colonization __________________________
• Abolition _____________________________
• Which is better?

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Slavery

• William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator
• "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with
  moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not
  equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not
  retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.
• Called for the immediate freeing of all enslaved
  people, which is called ______________________.

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Slavery

• ____________________ - escaped slave that wrote
  the North Star.
• ____________________ - freed slave who went on to
  be a powerful speaker

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• How did the North feel about abolition?
• How did the South feel about abolition?

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Manifest Destiny

• Manifest destiny the idea that God had given
  the continent to America and wanted them to
  settle western land
• 1845 John Louis Sullivan
• Squatters settle on land they did not own
• Could buy up to 160 acres for 1.25 each

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• Jethro Wood iron-blade plow
• John Deere steel-blade plow
• Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper
• John Sutter first to really settle in California

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• Oregon Trail
• California Trail
• Santa Fe Trail
• Mormon Trail
• Donner Party

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• Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) eight groups of
  Natives agreed to certain boundaries and the
  government promised not to take it away.. ever

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• In the early 1800s, Texas was part of Mexico
  Americans actually immigrated to Mexico
• Stephen Austin
• Fredonia
• 1830 borders close

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• Stephen Austin v. President Antonio Lopez de
  Santa Anna
• Texan army v. Mexican army Come and get it!

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The Alamo

• Feb. 1836 The Alamo was an abandoned Catholic
  mission where the rebels had made a station
• The rebel Texans fought off the Mexican army for
  13 days
• Formally declared independence from Mexico
• The Mexican army eventually takes control of the
  Alamo
• Goliad over 300 Texan rebels were executed for
  treason

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Battle of San Jacinto

• Texans (led by Sam Houston) led attack on
  sleeping Mexican army
• Remember the Alamo and Remember Goliad
• Mexican army 300 killed, 700 taken captive
  (including Santa Anna)
• Texan army 9 killed, 34 wounded

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1836

• Texas was now the Republic of Texas with Sam
  Houston as president
• They wanted annexation (become part of the U.S),
  but Jackson did not want North-South tensions or
  war with Mexico
• Texas was an independent nation

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Issues with Texas
• Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana territory
  but it was taken away with a treaty
• Jackson did not want the territory because of
  slavery issues and not wanting a war with Mexico
• Mexico did not recognize Texas independence
• Tyler fought to get it added as a slave
  territory. Was NOT re-elected!

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Election of 1844
• Henry Clay add Texas only
• Martin van Buren not picking a side
• James K. Polk wanted to add Texas and Oregon to
  the Union and buy California (maintaining balance
  of slave and free states)
• Who do you think will win?

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Polk added Oregon and Texas to the Union of the
  United States
• Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary line
• Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of
  California

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Polk orders troops into the area of dispute (led
  by General Zachary Taylor)
• Plan get Mexico to shoot first and claim
  Mexican aggression on American soil
• Success Taylors men were attacked. Polk
  declared war by the act of Mexico herself
  American blood was shed on American soil

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Master plan for war
• Taylors troops move South close to the Gulf of
  Mexico
• Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe and
  then take control of California with the help of
  the Navy
• Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and
  force Mexico to surrender
• Needed 50,000 troops 75,000 enlisted (not good
  soldiers)

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• The first two phases were easily successful (even
  though California was the Bear Flag Republic
  for two weeks
• Polk now needed to capture Mexico City but he was
  also thinking about re-election

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Polk saw General Zachary Taylor as a political
  threat, so he replaced him in the battle by
  General Winfield Scott
• Scott was successful and the U.S. took control of
  Mexico City

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
• Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles (California,
  Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and
  Wyoming)
• Rio Grande was the southern border of Texas
• U.S. paid Mexico 15 million and forgave 3
  million in debt

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• Manifest Destiny was now complete the U.S. now
  controlled all territory from east coast to west
  coast
• Big issue now How would slavery be handled in
  the new territories?

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• Wilmot Proviso in any territory that the U.S.
  gained from Mexico, neither slavery not
  involuntary servitude shall ever exist
• Opposed by Polk
• Passed by House of Representatives
• Tabled by Congress
• Forced the idea of popular sovereignty each
  state decide whether they want slavery or not

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Election of 1848

• Zachary Taylor (Whig)
• James K. Polk and Lewis Cass (Democrat)
• Martin van Buren (Free-Soil)
• Polk drops out after Taylor joins the race and
  had health issues (died three months after term
  was over).
• The rest of the parties split, so Taylor won the
  election.

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• 1849 California Gold Rush (49ers)
• California applied for statehood that same year.

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• California would enter as a free state, making
  slaveholding states a minority
• Slave states started threatening to secede (leave
  the Union)