African Step Towards Development

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African Step Towards Development

• Challenges of Newly Independent African Nations

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Challenges to building governments

• Building national unity
• Loyalty was with family, village, and ethnic
  group rather than distant government
• Tribalism regionalism
• Artificial boundaries splintered large ethnic
  groups
• Tension between tradition and modernity
• Economic differences
• Conflict
• Ethnic minorities civil war - genocide
• Radical Islam John Green Boko Haram Video
  700
• Debt
• Corruption to hold power - Kleptocracy

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• Problems in Building Governments
• Civil War
• 1. Economic divisions and ethnic conflict has led
  to civil war in many areas of Africa.
• 2. Many ethnic groups have tried to secede or
  break away from countries.
• 3. In 1994, ethnic tensions between Hutus and
  Tutsis in Rwanda resulted in the massacre of
  800,000 people.
• 4. Civil Wars have also broke out in countries
  like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Liberia in
  the 1980s and 1990s.

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Rwandan Genocide

• Who Are the Hutu and Tutsi? Origins of a
  conflict video 330
• Ethnic groups of Rwanda
• Tutsi owned most cattle
• Hutu everyone else
• Germans colonize Rwanda 1894
• Gave Tutsi responsibility
• Belgians took control of Rwanda after WWI
• identity cards in 1933, "arbitrarily
  classifying the whole population as Hutu, Tutsi
  or Twa"
• by measuring qualities such as height, length of
  nose and eye shape
• Tutsi were about 10 percent of population
• the Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership
  positions.
• Hutu nearly 90 percent
• Caused issues

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Rwandan Genocide

• Rwanda independence from Belgium 1962
• Rwanda and Burundi become two separate and
  independent countries.
• In Burundi, Tutsis retain power
• Direct elections put the Hutus in charge of the
  new government in Rwanda
• majority of Rwanda's population,
• This upset the Tutsi, and the animosity between
  the two groups continued for decades
• Event That Sparked the Genocide
• April 6, 1994, President Juvénal Habyarimana
• a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of
  the sky
• 100 Days of Slaughter Hutu extremists kill
  800,000 Tutsi and others

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Rwandan Genocide

• The World Stood By and Just Watched
• UN Failed Rwanda slow, too few troops
• Video 318 Reaction (2)
• Slaughter Inside Churches, Hospitals, and Schools
• One of the worst massacres of the Rwandan
  Genocide took place on April 15 to 16, 1994 at
  the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church, located
  about 60 miles east of Kigali. Here, the mayor of
  the town, a Hutu, encouraged Tutsis to seek
  sanctuary inside the church by assuring them they
  would be safe there. Then the mayor betrayed them
  to the Hutu extremists.
• Genocide ends
• when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) took over
  the country
• trained military group consisting of Tutsis who
  had been exiled in earlier years, many of whom
  lived in Uganda.
• Reconciliation Vid 300 (3)

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Rwandan Genocide Video background (1)
400 314 Video Video 318 Reaction
(2) Reconciliation Vid 300 (3)

• From April to July 1994,
• Members of the Hutu ethnic majority murdered as
  many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi
  minority.
• Extreme Hutu nationalists in the capital of
  Kigali
• ordinary citizens were incited by local officials
  and the Hutu Power government to take up arms
  against their neighbors.
• By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic
  Front gained control of the country through a
  military offensive in early July, hundreds of
  thousands of Rwandans were dead and many more
  displaced from their homes.
• The RPF victory created 2 million more refugees
  (mainly Hutus) from Rwanda
• Explanation Article

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Parliamentary System

• system of government
• where the executive branch is drawn from the
  legislature
• the executive and legislative branches are
  intertwined
• Form of government in which power lies in the
  hands of the political party that wins a majority
  of seats in parliament
• the party (or a coalition of parties) with the
  greatest representation in the parliament
  (legislature) forms the government
• its leader becoming prime minister
• Political parties hold power to appoint Prime
  Minister

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Parliamentary System

• Prime minister may be removed from power whenever
  he loses the confidence of a majority of the
  ruling party or of the parliament
• Parliamentary Republics - Should be democratic

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purpose of one-party rule

• Build national unity
• one-party system reflected African tradition of
  consensus
• Other parties limited
• Supported by Julius Nyerere
• Multi-party today
• Sometimes Dominant Party Rule

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While the United States is trying to reach the
moon, Tanzania is trying to reach its Villages
Julius Nyerere Example unite the
country provide basic services end foreign
influence
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military rule

• Government controlled by the military
• Used to restore order
• Get rid of corrupt leaders
• Short term results
• Creates personal rule
• General Joseph Mobutu

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autocratic rule

• Rule with absolute authority
• Seen as necessary because of general weaknesses
  many African nations
• Robert Mugabe video 510

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democratization

• 1980s
• Movement towards a free system of government
• Article Why Western-style Democracy is not
  suitable for Africa - link

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Government stabilityprogress
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Establishing Economic Systems
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Key issue and goal

• How much government control over the economy
• Economic self reliance
• Improve agriculture and build industry

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Socialism

• State control to best meets need of people
• Way to end privilege/rejected colonialism
• Reflected African Traditions
• Government owns and operate major businesses and
  controls other parts of the economy
• Economic benefits should be equitable throughout
  society
• Few successes

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mixed economies

• Most African nations today
• Promote private ownership
• Build factories and produce good for their own
  use
• Multinational companies money leaves Africa

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Economic Choices and Challenges
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• Structural Legacies
• --Economies based on raw material exports
• --Aid/dependency
• --Migrant labor/labor compounds
• Cultural Legacies
• --Public Health
• --Education
• --Tension between tradition and modernity

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Challenges to developing agriculture

• Focus on cash crops for export not food crops
• Artificially low food prices by governments
• so people can afford food
• Population growth
• Drought, overuse
• Solutions?

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economic dependence and trade

• Try to diversify agriculture and industry
• Industry faces competition from Asia and Latin
  America
• Reduce dependence and limit expensive imports
  (oil)
• Influenced by external factors especially world
  Market prices for products
• Debt, drought, conflict
• Solutions?

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Controlling Population

• cause of population explosion
• Tradition and health care
• Each extra mouth comes attached two extra hands
• Strains on government
• Need for school, jobs, housing, healthcare,
  family planning
• Solution?

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Human Development Index

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite
  statistic of life expectancy, education, and
  income per capita indicators, which are used to
  rank countries into four tiers of human
  development
• Measured from 0-1 closer to 1 the better

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Country of Population Under 25 Life expectancy Total Population Male Female Literacy Rate Total Population Male Female Per Capita Income HDI
Democratic Republic of Congo 64 T57.3 M55.8 F58.9 T63.8 M78.1 F50 800 .435
Ghana 56.86 T66.6 M64.1 F69.1 T76.6 M82 F71 4,400 .579
Kenya 59.7 T64 M62.6 F65.5 T78 M81.1 F74.9 3,400 .555
Tanzania 63.77 T62.2 M60.8 F63.6 T70.6 M75.9 F65.4 3,100 .531


A few ways to fix an ailing government 13
The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation
who can fix it 1300
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Closure Quiz Section 2

1. C
2. D
3. E
4. B
5. A

• 6. D
• 7. A
• 8. B
• 9. D
• 10. A