European Imperialism

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European Imperialism

• Imperialism- One civilization controls another
  civilizations economy, government, and / or
  culture. Colonialism and / or colonization are
  similar to imperialism.

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European Imperialism Timeline

• Conquering the New World
• 1492 Columbus discovers New World for Western
  Europe
• 1500s- Late 1700s Europeans establish colonies
  throughout North and South America
• By Early 1800s most of these colonies are
  independent

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Timeline Continued

• Europeans look for new land
• 1600s-1700s Europeans start colonies in coastal
  areas of Africa, Southern Asia, Middle East, and
  Australia
• 1800s-1900s Europeans push to interior regions
  and develop colonies
• 1945-1990 Almost all European colonies gain
  independence (peaceful and violent revolutions)

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Types of Imperialism

• Indirect Imperialism- (Informal) less strict
  might be only one aspect
• Direct Imperialism- (Formal) same as Imperialism
  defintion

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Causes of European Imperialism

• Demand for Resources
• Nationalism
• European ideas- Social Darwinism, forced
  assimilation, and superiority complexes
• Religion / Christianization
• European Advantages

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Demands for Resources

• Industrialization gt Competition gt Demand for
  resources
• Need for cheap sources of energy
• Diamonds, ivory, gold, copper, precious metals

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Nationalism

• Increase in national and ethnic pride.
• Might makes right.
• Breeding ground for racism

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Social Darwinism

• Survival of the fittest.
• Europeans viewed themselves as superior.
• Led to development of eugenics- pseudoscience
  applied genetics to population. Eugenics
  encouraged racism.

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The Dangers of Eugenics
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Cultural Assimilation Forced to blend into
European Culture
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European Paternalism

• Take up the white mans burden.- Rudyard
  Kipling, poet laureate of British Empire.
• Europeans thought they were helping the people.
• Bringing light and civilization to the rest of
  the world.

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Religious Beliefs / Christianization

• Missionaries spread throughout the colonies.
• Push to spread European religions.
• Encourages paternalism and martyr complex.
• Europeans believed they were doing Gods work.

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Doctor Livingstone I presume?

• Doctor Livingstone- famous British missionary and
  explorer
• Converted many Africans
• Exposed the horrors of colonialism and slavery

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Europeans Advantages and Conquest Strategies

• Divide and Conquer- Ethnic, religious, and tribal
  divisions
• Technology- transportation, communication
• Weapons- rifles, machine guns
• Disease- Europeans had stronger immune systems.
  Small Pox devastated native populations

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Divide and Conquer

• United we stand divided we fall.
• Many divisions occurred naturally throughout new
  territories
• Religious / ethnic / or other divisions could
  have existed for hundreds of years prior to
  European presence
• Europeans exploited many of these divisions

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Advancements in Technology
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Exchange of Products and Disease
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Disease

• Europeans spread their diseases and use medical
  technology to combat new diseases they encounter.
  
• Europeans bring small pox and other diseases.
• Most indigenous people did not have strong immune
  system.
• Europeans use quinine to combat malaria

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Malaria becomes a problem for Europeans as try to
conquer tropical areas
LIGHT AREAS - Where Dengue and Malaria are
transmittedMEDIUM AREAS - Where Dengue is
transmittedDARK AREAS - Where Malaria is
transmitted
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Quinine
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Examples of European Imperialism

• All of New World
• Europeans conquering Europeans
• Most of Africa
• All of Middle East
• Australia and New Zealand
• Large parts of Asia

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Canada

• British gained full control in 1763
• British and French sections
• Native Americans pushed West
• Started as colony moved to home rule

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Ireland

• Controlled by the British since Medieval Times
• Protestants (Northern Irish and British) VS.
  Catholics (Southern and Western Irish)
• Irish Potato Famine cuts population in half
• Political movements violent revolts led to home
  rule and independence for Southern Ireland (not
  until 1921)

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Potato Famine Villages
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Irelands Population Decreases
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Australia

• Aborigines- native people of Australia wiped out
  by British
• - Disease
• - Divide and Conquer
• - Genocide / Mass Killings
• 1600s-1800s Prison Colony Setup
• 1800s British settle the land
• Eventually British settlers gain home rule and
  then independence after World War II

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New Zealand

• Maoris- native people of New Zealand
• - Disease
• - Divide and Conquer
• - Genocide
• Eventually British settlers gain home rule and
  then independence after World War II

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Europeans in Africa
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Questions

• 1. Where are the majority of the colonies in
  1880?
• 2. How are the two maps different from each
  other?
• 3. What factors led to the expansion of European
  colonies?

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African Resistance

• Expansion of Zulu Empire (Bantu culture)
• Battle of Blood River (Against Dutch)
• Zulu Wars 1840s 1880 (Against British)
• British force Zulus and other tribes to surrender
• Apartheid laws established

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Berlin Conference 1884-1885

• Europeans attempt to divide Africa peacefully
• No Africans present at conference
• Menelik II of Ethiopia resists Europeans

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European Conflicts in Africa
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Boer War

• Dutch and Germans (Boers) VS. British
• Fighting over rights to South Africa
• British win the war, but use atrocious means.
• British use internment camps.

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Cecil Rhodes- Euro Imperialism personified
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Belgian Congo Free State

• King Leopold II of Belgium
• Rubber tree plantations
• Mining for metals and other natural resources
• Activist forced Leopold to give up control.

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Investigations into Belgian Congo

• Two cases (of mutilation) came to my notice.
  One, a young man, both of whose hands had been
  removed with the butt ends of rifles against a
  tree the other a young lad of 11 or 12 years of
  age, whose right hand was cut off at the wrist .
  
• Roger Casement, British Consul in Congo
• Free State

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Do Now

• Explain the following quote The Sun Never Sets
  on the British Empire.

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British Empire in India Stage 1

• British East India Trading Company 1600s-1857
• Paved the way for the British Empire
• British involvement in India starts out as a few
  trading posts (Indirect)
• Mughal Empire declines in strength, British East
  India Company gains more control.

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British in India Stage 2

• Divide and Conquer strategy- Hindu VS. Muslim
• Forced people of India to buy British textiles
• British buy up Indian land
• Indians forced to grow indigo, cotton, tea,
  coffee and opium
• British set up feudalism
• in India

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Sepoy Mutiny 1857- Indians Revolt Stage 3

• Sepoy- Indian soldier that served the British
• Disliked Christianization
• Hindu Muslim sepoy soldiers rebel because of
  the animal grease on the rifle cartridges
• Indians early success ended by British Army

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Raj- British Empire controls India 1858 Stage 4

• British take full control of India (government,
  economy, and culture)
• British Empire uses excessive force
• Wanted to take advantage of all of the wealth
  coming from agriculture- Jewel in the Crown
• Tighten their grip on a new market for their
  textiles.
• Force cultural assimilation upon Indians

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European influence in India

• British Royalty in India Sepoy Soldiers
  fight for British

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Tea and Opium Connection

• British East India Trading Company establishes a
  foothold in China
• Opium grown in India sold in China
• Opium Addiction in China skyrockets

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Collection of Poppy Seeds and Flowers
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Opium War

• Chinese tell British to stop selling opium
• British use advancements in warships and weapons
• British win easily
• Treaty of Nanjing British gain Hong Kong and
  extraterritorial rights

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Taiping Rebellion

• Chinese emperors lose power
• Europeans and Americans gain influence
• Open Door Policy- forces Chinas ports to be open
  to all countries

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Europeans Build an Empire in the Middle East

• Ottoman Empire ruled the Mid East
• Different ethnicities of Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism growing in Ottoman Empire Divide
  and Conquer
• Europeans set up colonies
• Geographically important area
• Construction of Suez Canal- Connects
  Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea
• Late 1800s Oil Discovered in Persia (Iran)

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Ottoman Empire
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Suez Canal Completed in 1869
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Imperialism in Southeast AsiaSiam (Later
Thailand)- Remains Independent due to leadership
of King Mongkut

• Dutch
• Dutch East India Company established control in
  Indonesia
• Forced people to grow sugar cane, rubber,
  coconuts, pineapples, bananas, and cocoa
• Exported large quantities of oil and tin
• Set up rigid social structure

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British

• Took control over Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma)
• Focused on exporting tin and rubber from these
  colonies
• Also forced people to grow cash crops

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French

• Took control over Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
• Used direct control
• Forced increase in rice production
• Encouraged conversions to Christianity

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American

• Took control of Philippines, Guam, and Hawaii
• Philippines used for sugar cane and other cash
  crops
• Queen Liliuokalani was dethroned in Hawaii by
  American plantation owners
• Hawaii is annexed by U.S.

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Decolonization in Africa, India, and Other Parts
of Asia 1900s-1945

• Some reforms made in colonies.
• World War I- some battles fought in Africa and
  Asia.
• Post World War I- Influenza epidemic.
• World War II- Fight for Africa is one of keys to
  victory.
• Soldiers from colonies received brief
  independence.
• After World War II Decolonization starts.

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Effects of Imperialism

• Positives
• Natural Resources
• Technological Improvements
• Medical improvements
• Education
• New forms transportation
• Trade between countries
• Spread of religion
• European model of government (democracy)
• Modernization / Industrialization

• Negatives
• Opium trade
• Slavery
• Deaths from war, plagues, torture, genocide
• Forced dependency- ex British forcing Indians to
  grow cash crops
• Divide and conquer Civil War cycle of
  revolution
• Racism- Social Darwinism / Eugenics
• Poverty / Famine
• European model of govt (dictators)
• Loss of culture