Why Speak?

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Why Speak?
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Why Speak?

• Dale Carnegie said, There are four ways, and
  only four ways, in which we have contact with the
  world. We are evaluated and classified by these
  four contacts
• What we do,
• how we look,
• what we say, and
• how we say it.

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Appeal to Human Interests
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Appeal to Human Interests

• What is the human element of this topic?

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Appeal to Human Interests

• What is the human element of this topic?
• Why will people care?

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Appeal to Human Interests

• What is the human element of this topic?
• Why will people care?
• Why is it important for them to listen?

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Appeal to Human Interests

• What is the human element of this topic?
• Why will people care?
• Why is it important for them to listen?
• What do I want them to do? (Clinton 146-153)

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Preplanning Stages
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Preplanning Stages

• Analyze the occasion and the audience

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Preplanning Stages

• Analyze the occasion and the audience
• Select the subject

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Preplanning Stages

• Analyze the occasion and the audience
• Select the subject
• Determine the exact purpose

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Preplanning Stages

• Analyze the occasion and the audience
• Select the subject
• Determine the exact purpose
• Research and gather material(Zelko and Zelko 31)

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The Audience Perspective

• As early as the first few seconds, each listener
  in your audience asks and answers three
  questions
• Does the speaker care about me and my situation?
• Is the speaker credible?
• Does the speaker have something to say worth
  listening to? (Cook 57)

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Constructing the Speech

• Joan Detz, in her book How to Write and Give a
  Speech, claims speech writers only have to do two
  things to write a good speech
• Make it simple,
• and
• Make it short. (29)

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Constructing the Speech

• Then she says, to write a great speech speech
  writers should
• Make it simpler,
• and
• Make it shorter (29).

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Basic Speech Components

• The Introduction
• The Body
• The Conclusion

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
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The Speech Introduction
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Functions of a Speech Introduction
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Functions of a Speech Introduction

• 1. Get the attention of your audience.
• 2. State your topic.
• 3. Establish the importance of your topic.
• 4. Establish your credibility to speak on your
  topic.
• 5. Preview the key ideas of your speech. (Grice
  and Skinner 220)
• 6. End with a strong thesis statementa sentence
• that summarizes the central idea of the
  speech.

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Get the attention of your audience.

• Here are 16 suggestions for starting your
  introduction!

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Introduction Suggestion 1

• Start with a grabberan anecdote, a startling
  statistic, a quotation, a personal observation, a
  literary, historical, or biblical allusion. Use
  whatever it takes to get the audiences
  attention. Give them a good taste of whats to
  come (Detz 29).

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Introduction Suggestion 2

• It can be risky to begin a speech with a joke.
  If it falls flat, youre off to a terrible start,
  so dont use a joke unless you are absolutely
  sure you can deliver it well (29).

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Introduction Suggestion 3

• Never, never, open by saying something like, I
  heard a really funny story today. It doesnt
  have anything to do with my speech, but at least
  itll give you a good laugh(29).

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Introduction Suggestion 4

• Praise the audience letting them know that the
  speaker values his or her audience and their
  abilities (29).

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Introduction Suggestion 5

• Make a reference to the date by finding out what
  significant, important, or memorable event
  happened on the same day the speech is being
  given (30).

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Introduction Suggestion 6

• Ask some questions to help engage the audience.
  Rhetorical questions also work well. (30)

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Introduction Suggestion 7

• Use local details because audiences, like
  individuals, enjoy hearing information about
  themselves and this strategy demonstrates to the
  audience that the speaker has a genuine interest
  in his or her audience. (31)

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Introduction Suggestion 8

• Cite your credentialsor your personal
  credentialsor, even better, both to add
  credibility to the you, and in turn, to your
  words (30)

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Introduction Suggestion 9

• Arouse your audiences curiosity by creating an
  element of suspense (Grice and Skinner 223).

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Introduction Suggestion 10

• Stimulate your audiences imagination by engaging
  the minds of your listeners. To do this a
  speaker must know what referents the audience
  shares, and this requires some good audience
  analysis (224).

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Introduction Suggestion 11

• Promise your audience something beneficial
  because an audience will listen more carefully to
  messages that are in their self-interest (224)

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Introduction Suggestion 12

• Refer directly to the subject of your talk
  especially if the speaker has already been
  introduced and his purpose for speaking has been
  previously made clear to the audience. (Cook 58)

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Introduction Suggestion 13

• Begin with a story or illustration,especially
  stories that are true, personal, and directly
  related to the point of the speech (59).

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Introduction Suggestion 14

• Amuse your audience (Grice and Skinner 225).

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Introduction Suggestion 15

• Energize your audience (227).

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Introduction Suggestion 16

• Combinations of techniques are effective (Cook
  63).

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State your topic.

• The best speech introduction is short and simple.
• After the attention getter, the speaker should
  state his or her topic or purpose in presenting a
  speech.
• The informative speech can begin with a simple
  declarative sentence. (Grice and Skinner 228)

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Establish the importance of your topic

• The speaker, by providing examples, facts or
  statistics, must find a way to demonstrate the
  significance, or relevance, of his or her topic
  to the audience.
• The successful speaker needs to motivate the
  audience into listening to the speech.

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Establish your credibility to speak on your topic

• The audience will want to know why they should
  believe and accept what the speaker has to say.
• To do so, speakers may list their credentials or
  draw upon their own personal experiences with the
  topic.

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Preview the key ideas of your speech

• By providing the listeners with a few directions
  in the introduction, audience members will have a
  clear idea of the path they will be traveling
  along as the speaker guides them to their
  destination, which is the speechs conclusion.
• Ideally, the forecast should consist of three
  main points the speaker wants to highlight during
  his or her speech and should require no more than
  two to three sentences.

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End Intro with Strong Thesis
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End Intro with Strong Thesis

• The thesis statement does three things
• It tells your audience what kind of speech to
  expectan informational speech, a persuasive
  speech, a humorous speech.
• It sets the tone of your presentationmatter-of-fa
  ct, enthusiastic, light-hearted, somber.
• It contains a hint, a seed, a suggestion, or even
  a direct statement of how the speaker intends to
  proceed. (Cook 67)

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Advice for Introduction

• Professional speechwriter Joan Detz suggests, If
  you concentrate on one central idea, your
  audience will stand a better chance of
  understanding you, but, if you try to say
  everything, your audience will come away with
  nothing. (34)

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The Speech Body
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Organizational Strategy 1

• Logical or topical the speech topic is organized
  by ideas or topics that flow together in a
  logical order. (Payne and Carlin 88)

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Organizational Strategy 2

• Chronologicalthe speech topic is organized in a
  time sequence frame. (88)

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Organizational Strategy 3

• Spatialthe speech topic is organized using an
  actual place or space as a point of reference.
  (88)

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Organizational Strategy 4

• Classificationthe speech topic is broken up
  into specific categories based on classification
  or sometimes rank, as in a caste system or a
  school class rank.(88)

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Organizational Strategy 5

• Problem-solutionthe speech topic is includes a
  problem and possible solutions are suggested. (88)

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Organizational Strategy 6

• Need Plan-Divisionthe speech topic is presented
  in a variation of the problem-solution method.
  The speaker presents a problem, a proposal for a
  solution, shows how the solution will work, and
  then suggests a plan of action for achieving the
  solution. (Grice and Skinner 208)

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Organizational Strategy 7

• Cause-effectthe speech topic presents a problem
  and its effects because A happens, its effect
  is B. (Payne and Carlin 88)

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Organizational Strategy 8

• Extended Metaphorthe speech topic is presented
  and compared to an idea, allowing the speaker to
  present a great deal of information. (Cook 71)

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Organizational Strategy 9

• Numerical Orderthe speech topic is presented
  from highest to lowest, or lowest to highest.
  (Detz 35)

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Organizational Strategy 10

• Geographical Ordersimilar to spatial order, the
  speech topic is presented using geographical
  references as an organizational strategy. (35)

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Organizational Strategy 11

• Alphabetical OrderWhy not? The alphabetical
  order will certainly help the audience stay on
  track. (36)

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Organizational Strategy 12

• Psychological OrderThe speech topic is based
  upon the audiences needs. Find out what will
  they find most acceptable? Most important?
• Most interesting? Put that first.
• (36)

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Organizational Strategy 13

• Pro-Con DivisionThe speech topic is presented in
  a series of pros and cons. (Grice and Skinner 206)

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Organizational Strategy 14

• Mnemonic or Gimmick DivisionThe speech topic is
  broken up so that each element of the body is
  presented in a way that spells out the first
  letter of a word. (207)

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The Organizing Question

• To determine the best organizing strategy, the
  speech writer should create an organizing
  question, a question that when answered,
  indicates the ideas and information necessary to
  develop the speech topic. (201)
• During the research and speech construction
  process, the speaker should determine what
  information will help answer the organizational
  question.

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Developing Key Ideas

• The 4s Strategy of Developing Key Ideas
• 1. Signpost the idea.
• 2. State the idea.
• 3. Support the idea.
• 4. Summarize the idea. (209)

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The Speech Conclusion
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Function of Speech Conclusion

• The speechs conclusion serves the following
  function
• 1. Summarize your key ideas.
• 2. Activate audience response.
• 3. Provide closure. (232)

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusion

• Scott Cook in his book, The Elements of
  Speechwriting and Public Speaking, suggests
• Five Ways to End a Speech
• 1. End with a brief story that illustrates your
• main point
• 2. End with a quotation or ringing phrase
• 3. Conclude with a poem
• 4. End with an example of your theme
• 5. Summarize your main ideas (87-90)

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusion

• Joan Detz, in her book How to Write and Give a
  Speech, makes one of the most direct comments
  about a speechs conclusion
• Your conclusion may be the only thing the
  audience remembers, so make it memorable

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusions

• 1. Use compelling imagery.
• 2. Share your personal philosophy.
• 3. Tie your theme to an anniversary.
• 4. Tell a humorous story to illustrate your
• point.
• 5. End with a strong rhetorical question.
• 6.  End with words that sound strong.
• 7.  End with a strong Commitment. (41-44)

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusions

• Jim Peterson, on his website "4750 Speech
  Topics" makes these suggestions for concluding a
  speech
• Conclusion writing can also be explained as
  offering the so-called moral of the story
• Restate the problem and provide your solution in
  two sentences.
• Show a benefit or valuable application.
• Give the ultimate answer on some big question or
  issue you proposed earlier or at the opening of
  your speech presentation.
• Offer them 'how to do it' steps visualize a
  course, sequence or time path of action.

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusions

• Reaffirm the connection between the needs and
  interests of the listeners and your speech
  topics.

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Suggestions for Speech Conclusions

• Close with a dramatic but appropriate statement
  based on emotional appeals.
• Examples
• Finish with a heart-felt human interest story or
  personal experience anecdote.
• Connect the public speaking topics with the
  everyday feelings and lives of your public
  speaking audience.
• Recite a couple of lines from a nostalgic song,
  poem or quotation from a historical speech and
  refer to its similarities.
• State a slogan transform your central motto,
  idea or principle into an easy to remember
  one-liner.

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Practice for success!