Title: Warm-Up
1Warm-Up
- (Ch. 41) List the locations where each of the 4
macromolecules are chemically digested. - (Ch. 41) Where do vertebrates store excess
calories? - (Ch. 42) Draw and label the structure of a human
heart. - (Ch. 42) List the pathway of a single red blood
cell through the heart.
2Circulation
3What you need to know
- Circulatory vessels, heart chambers, route of
mammalian circulation - Evolution of the heart from 2?4 chambers
- How RBCs demonstrate structure/function
- Blood pressure
- Cardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP,
genetics)
4Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas
exchange (respiration)
- Diffusion of gases only rapid across small
distances
Basic Cells in direct contact with
environment Ex. sponges
Gastrovascular Cavity For digestion distribute
substances Ex. jellies, flatworms
Circulatory System Moves fluid to tissues
cells for exchange Ex. larger animals
5Circulatory System Blood Vessels Heart
- Open circulatory system blood bathes organs
directly - Blood lymph hemolymph
- Heart pumps hemolymph into sinuses
- Ex. arthropods, mollusks
- Closed circulatory system blood contained in
vessels pumped around body - Blood and fluid separate
- Ex. annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates
6Figure 42.10a
Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Endothelium
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Connective tissue
Capillary
Artery
Vein
Arteriole
Venule
7Types of Blood Vessels
arterioles
venules
8- Blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out
through a ventricle - Fish single circulation pathway, 2 chambers
- Double circulation amphibians, reptiles, mammals
9Double circulation pathways in vertebrates
10Pathway of blood through heart
11Figure 42.6
Superior vena cava
Capillaries of head and forelimbs
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of right lung
Capillaries of left lung
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs
12Cardiac cycle
- Systole contraction or pumping phase
- Diastole relaxation or filling phase
- Heart rate beats/minute (72 bpm resting)
- Stroke volume amount of blood pumped by L.
ventricle during contraction (70 ml)
13Figure 42.8-3
2
1
0.1 sec
0.3 sec
0.4 sec
3
14Valves prevent backflow of blood
- The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid,
bicuspid) separate each atrium and ventricle - The semilunar valves control blood flow to the
aorta and the pulmonary artery - Lub-dup sound blood against closed AV valves
(lub) / the semilunar (dup) valves - Heart murmur backflow of blood through a
defective valve
15Sinoatrial (SA) node pacemaker of heart, in
right atrium
16- The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the
nervous system the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions - The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
- The parasympathetic division slows down the
pacemaker - The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones
(epinephrine) and temperature
17Blood Pressure
- BP systolic/diastolic pressure
- Systolic heart contracts
- Diastolic heart relaxed
- Normal 120/70
- Pulse rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each
heartbeat
18Using a Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure reading 120/70
1
2
3
120
120
70
Artery closed
Sounds stop
Sounds audible in stethoscope
19Figure 42.13
Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart)
Valve (open)
Blood returning to heart through veins and venules
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
20Lymphatic System returns lost fluid and proteins
to blood as lymph
- Lymph Nodes filter lymph, house WBCs
- Immune system role
21Blood
- Plasma (55) water, ions, proteins, gases,
nutrients, wastes, hormones - Cells (45) RBC, WBC, platelets
- Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) O2 transport via
hemoglobin - White blood cells (leukocytes) fight infection
- Platelets (cell fragments) blood clotting
22Figure 42.17
Plasma 55
Cellular elements 45
Number per ?L (mm3) of blood
Constituent
Major functions
Functions
Cell type
Water
Solvent for carrying other substances
Defense and immunity
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
5,00010,000
Ions (blood electrolytes)
Separated blood elements
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of
membrane permeablity
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarb
onate
Eosinophils
Plasma proteins
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Albumin
Platelets
250,000400,000
Blood clotting
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Defense
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
56 million
Transport of O2 and some CO2
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients Waste products Respiratory
gases Hormones
23Figure 42.18
2
3
1
Collagen fibers
Platelet plug
Fibrin clot
Platelet
Red blood cell
5 ?m
Fibrin clot formation
Clotting factors from
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Enzymatic cascade
?
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
24Cardiovascular Disease
- Atherosclerosis buildup of plaque deposits
within arteries - Heart attack (myocardial infarction) blockage of
one or more coronary arteries - Stroke rupture or blockage of arteries in the
head - Hypertension high blood pressure promotes
atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart
attack and stroke
25Figure 42.20
Lumen of artery
Plaque
Endothelium
Smooth muscle
1
2
Smooth muscle cell
LDL
Foam cell
Extra- cellular matrix
Macrophage
T lymphocyte
Plaque rupture
4
3
Cholesterol
Fibrous cap