Review and Discussion

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Unit 4

• Review and Discussion

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Invasions of Europe, 7001000
More invaders Northmen Norwegians, Swedes and
Dane and Magyars.
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The Early Middle Ages

• Rome Disappears
• Trade Slows
• Towns Empty
• Learning Ceases
• Impact of the Christian Church
• Grew very powerful because it had the ability to
  grant salvation
• Its very success brought many problems

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Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E.

• Roman law
• was replaced with laws practiced by Germanic
  peoples.
• Economy
• use of currency as a medium of exchange became
  far less common.
• Germanic decentralization
• created a need for local self-sufficiency.
• That need helped create the self-contained manor,
  with its corresponding political, economic, and
  social organization.

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How did Feudalism begin?

• People joined together to work against common
  problems.
• Problems included
• Foreign invaders (Vikings)
• lack of currency
• lack of trade
• food shortages.

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Feudal System

• Need for protection and lack of central
  government created the feudal system
• Under the feudal system, every person had
  obligations to a superior  
• Every person had a duty to someone else.  

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The Lord and Lady

• Were rulers of their small feudal state, and gave
  allegiance to the monarch.
• Lived in a castle, which also served as a
  fortress for that feudal state.
• Protected the serfs with their army of knights.
• Arranged marriages, and male heirs were desired,
  since the estate went to the oldest son.
• Code of Chivalry governed the relationship
  between noblemen and noble women

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Lesser Lords (Vassals)

• Lord divided his larger landholdings among
  Vassals
• In return the Vassals pledged service to the Lord
• Agreed to provide the lord with
• 40 days of military service each year
• Money
• Advice

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Knights

• Were members of the feudal army.
• One job Protect the state, and the lord and lady
  in charge of it.
• They had many different weapons
• Mace (club)
• Morning Star (spiked mace)
• War Hammer
• Battle Ax
• Daggers
• Lances (used more often in tournaments)

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Serfs

• Like the middle class here, serfs were the vast
  majority in the feudal states, but they were
  poorer.
• They were not slaves, but were farmers who were
  bound to the land
• In return, they received protection from the
  knights.

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Feudal Manor Three-field system
Use of the steel plow and the three-field system
revolutionized agriculture by allowing peasants
to grow more crops
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Charlemagne 800 CEThe Father of Europe

• Temporarily created and united Christian Europe.
  
• Try to revived Latin learning in his empire and
  strived to create a second Rome.

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It included Northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, and
France)
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IslamThe Religion A Way of Life
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The Basic Teachings of Islam

• Islam is monotheistic,
• based on the belief in one God (Allah)
• Based on the teachings of the Quran (Koran)

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Islam The 5 Pillars

• Faith
• There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his
  messenger
• Prayer (Salat)
• 5 x daily
• Charity (Zakat)
• All Things belong to God so we should donate to
  the Needy
• Fast
• During Ramadan, form sun up to sundown.
• Pilgrimage (Hajj)
• Once in a lifetime trip to Mecca and the Kaba

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Some of Muhammads Teachings

• Each person is responsible for their own behavior
  
• You should be humble, show mercy and give.
• If you have nothing to give you can give a smile
• All believers are spiritually equal

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Jihad or Holy War

• means active opposition to evil and injustice
  (internal), more than literal warfare.

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Islam and its Women
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The New Religion of Islam

• Islam - emerged in Arabia in 637 A.D.
• Within 200 years, Muslims had created a great
  empire and a new major civilization
• Battle of Tours in 732 stopped the Muslims from
  advancing farther into Western Europe

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Crusades, 10961204
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The Crusades (1096-1099)

• Muslims conquered the Holy land. (Jerusalem)
• Pope Urban II called nobles to action against the
  Muslims An accursed race has violently
  invaded the lands of those Christians and has
  depopulated them by pillage and fire. After he
  said this he called for a crusade or Holy war to
  take back the Holy land.

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Crusades

• Why did so many take up the cross?
• Religious reasons
• Knights hoped to win wealth and land
• adventure and to get away from home struggles

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Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204

• Pope Innocent III called for the crusade
• Few reached the Holy Lands most attacked
  Constantinople
• After 200 years of fighting, the Holy Land was
  again Muslim control!

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Childrens Crusade, 1212

• 30,000 French and German children set out to save
  Jerusalem!
• Sadly, most die or are sold in slavery by evil
  merchants!

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Impact of the Crusades

• The Crusades failed in their chief goal-
  reclaiming the holy lands.
• Both Christians and Muslims committed appalling
  acts in the name of religion.
• Christians turned their fury against Jews,
  massacring entire communities.
• Helped change Europe to more of a trading
  society. Western Europeans wanted the silk,
  spices and perfumes from the east.
• Brought the power of the pope to its greatest
  height.
• Its loss also created weakness and division
  during the late middle ages
• Encouraged a money society
• Gave serfs more power because nobles needed rent
  MONEY instead of grain for pay

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Hundred Years War, 13371453
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Joan of Arc Turning point

• From 1429 to 1431, Joans successes in battle
  rallied the French forces to victory.
• French armies continued to win even after she was
  executed by the English for heresy.

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Emergence of Monarchs

• New military technology
• The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and
  firearm made soldiers more important and knights
  less valuable.
• made castles and knights obsolete
• Development of professional standing army
• Taxed land, merchants, and church

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The Magna Carta

• Many Kings in England around the 10th - 12th
  centuries were abusing their power and highly
  taxing their nobles.
• In 1215 King John angered his nobles so much that
  they forcibly made John sign a document called
  the Magna Carta (or Great Charter)
• Contained two basic ideas that would shape
  English govt.
• Nobles had certain rights (later this was
  extended to all citizens)
• Made clear that the monarch must obey the law.

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Byzantine Empire to 1000
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How did the development of the Byzantine Empire
differ from the development of western Europe?

• The Byzantine Empire
• was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule
  and Greek tradition.
• centralized control whereas western European
  institutions were decentralized.
• Prosperous economy (center of trade in Europe)
• The Byzantine emperors
• exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme
  secular and religious power in one person Foreign
  threats
• Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign
  invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire
  (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim
  expansion.
• The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until
  Constantinople itself was captured by the
  Ottomans in 1453.

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Sum it upJustinians Achievements

• Recapture Roman Lands
• Architecture
• Hagia Sophia
• Bridges
• Civil Law Code influenced civil law in the west

Procopius Secret History Justinian
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More Hagia Sophia
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Moscow Rises In Power

• Influenced by the Byzantines
• Christianity
• 2. The Russian Orthodox moves to Moscow
  eventually the seat of power is moved there.
• -new capital established

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Ivan the Great First Tsar

• Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol tribute
• Won many battles and recovered lost territory
• claimed the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox
  Empire
• Took the title czar (tsar) the Russian word for
  Caesar
• Autocratic

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Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible!

• Grandson of Ivan the Great
• Ruled from 1547-1584
• Why Terrible?
• he resorted to torture, exile, and execution to
  punish those who plotted against him
• Significantly expanded Russias territory and
  Russia prospered!

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• His Family.
• Tragic, read on
• In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared
  immodestly dressed and Ivan censured her.
• His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife,
  whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only
  possible respectable heir.
• This left as heir Ivans feebleminded son Fyodor
  (reigned 1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a
  line that extended back seven centuries.
• Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate
  because his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the
  church only permitted three marriages, and
  recognized none of Ivans later wives).
• Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife
  or was murdered in 1591

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St. Basils Cathedral

• Legend has it that Ivan the Terrible, who was
  Tsar of Russia at the time,
• blinded the architect
• when it was finished,
• to prevent him from building anything as
  spectacular for any other king.

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Mongol Empire
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Mongol Empire

• (12061405) was the largest land empire in world
  history
• Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad

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Black Death

• By 1347, the bubonic plague had spread to Europe
• The bubonic plague, or "Black Death strikes
• 3 forms
• Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic
  (bodily fluid)
• 1/3 of the European population died (25-35
  million)
• -economic decline
• Weakened the power of the church
• Blame was placed on the Jews
• Many moved to Poland to avoid persecution