The%20Organelles

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The Organelles
-nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus -cytoskeleto
n -cell membrane -vacuole -mitochondria -chlor
oplast -golgi Apparatus -centrioles -lysosomes
-ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Rough ER Smooth ER
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Nucleus

• The brain of the cell
• Controls all of the
• cellular activities
• DNA is inside the nucleus

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Nucleus
are found inside the nucleus
CHROMOSOMES-
carry the information that determines what traits
a living thing will have
Chromosomes
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA carries the genetic information of a cell
Consists of thousands of genes It specifies
everything that is needed for the maintenance,
function, and replication of the cell It is made
up of 4 different bases (A) adenine (C)
cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
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NUCLEOLUS

• The dark area in the nucleus
• Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.

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CELL MEMBRANE

• holds the cell together
• keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and
  the cytoplasm) inside the cell
• controls what goes in and out of the cell

Example like a big plastic bag with tiny holes
in it
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How does the cell membrane work?

• Has 2 layers of MOLECULES BILAYER
• Bi means two
• The layers are made up of molecules called
  phospholipids
• THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread
  and some stuffing on the inside

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Cell Membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and
  HYDROPHILIC end

• HYDRO means water
• PHOBIC means afraid
• PHILIC means loving

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Cell Membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• One end of the molecule is afraid of the water
  and one end loves being in the water.
• Proteins are stuck inside the membrane
• Proteins are across the bilayer and make the
  holes that let ions and molecules in and out of
  the cell

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Cell Membrane
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Mitochondria

• Mito Mighty / Power
• The Power-House of the cell
• They break down food molecules so the cell has
  the energy to live
• If a cell needs a lot of energyit will have
  more mitochondria

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Sothe more space it has the more energy it can
create
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• MATRIX a fluid that has water and proteins all
  mixed together
• (like a solution)
• The proteins
• take the food molecules in and combine them with
  Oxygen to release the energy

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• also known as the ER
• it is an organelle inside the cell that is
• made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of
  the cell
• There are two different
• Smooth ER
• Rough ER

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• Smooth ER
• Main function is to collect, maintain
  transport things
• Shaped slightly tubular
• Creates steroids
• Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients
  balanced

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• Rough ER
• It has bumps all over it giving it a rough
  appearance
• Bumps are called RIBOSOMES
• ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes)
  and creates a bubble around them
• VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a
  part of its membrane

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MOVEMENT of VESICLES

• The vesicle can then move to the Golgi
  apparatus or the cell membrane
• 1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane,
  the proteins are going to be sent out of the
  cellor (exocytosis)
• 2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the
  proteins will be used inside the cell

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Smooth ER vs. Rough ER
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Secretion
Exocytosis
The release of intracellular molecules (hormones
or proteins)
EXOCYTOSIS-
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OSMOSIS
Osmosis- the movement of water across the cell
membrane
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GOLGI APPARATUS

• Also called the Golgi Complex

• It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs
  like a loose stack of pancakes

• WHAT DOES IT DO?

1) it takes simple molecules and combines them
to make larger molecules.
2) takes those larger molecules and puts them
into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
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GOLGI APPARATUS
Think about building a model of a ship (that's
the molecule). Then take that model and put it in
a bottle (that's the vesicle).
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Golgi apparatus
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LYSOSOMES (primarily animal)

• They combine with the food taken in by the cell

• The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food digest
  it (acidic interior)

• Nextsmaller molecules are released which are
  absorbed by the mitochondria

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LYSOSOMES

• When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome
  will attach itself to it and break it down like
  food (kind of like a cannibal)
• Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted
• Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks
  open accidentally
• Suicide Sacs
• UV light damages lysosome membrane
• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout
  the cell and digest it

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LYSOSOMES
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Lysosome Animation
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CYTOPLASM

• Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane
• Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane
  outside of the nucleus except the cells nucleus
• Cytosol
• Mostly H2O
• Contains organelles
• Contains salts, dissolved gasses nutrients

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CYTOPLASM
cytoplasm
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CYTOSKELETON

• Chief functions include
• movement of material through the cell for stuff
  not diffusion or osmosis
• maintaining the shape of the cell
• keeping the cell from getting smashed

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CYTOSKELETON
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VACUOLE

• Vacuoles are bubbles that float in the cell 
• Vacuoles are more important to the survival of
  plant cells than they are to animal cells

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VACUOLE STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS

• Vacuoles in plants support structure
• Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might
  needlike a backpack
• There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste
  products, similar to having a big septic tank
• Storing waste products protects the cell from
  contamination

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VACUOLE CONTD

• So, when there is no waterthe vacuole shrinks
  and the cell wall is the only thing holding the
  plant together.

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You will know that a plant's vacuoles are
shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop
over
HOLDING UP THE WALLS
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• Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water
  entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells
  exerting internal force on the cell wall
• Causes rigidity so the plant my increase by
  stacking cells

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Chloroplast
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Chloroplast

• the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
• disk-like structures
• composed of a single membrane
• surrounding a fluid containing stacks of
  membranous disks

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• SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by
  plants(chloroplast)
• Then it is instantaneously changed into
  ELECTRICAL energy
• Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy

Chloroplast
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Chloroplast

• photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast

the process in which plant use water, carbon
dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food
Photosynthesis-
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Chloroplast

• No energy transformation is 100 efficient
• Not all the solar energy captured is converted to
  electrical and then chemical energy.
• Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of
  energy (light)

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Centrioles

• generally appear in animal cells
• they look like two cylinders at right angles to
  one another
• when viewed with an electron microscope, the
  cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny
  microtubules arranged in a circle
• they help to form the fibers that move
  chromosomes around when the cell is dividing
• as animal cells prepare for cell division these
  two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends
  of the cell.

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Centrioles
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Ribosomes

• small dot-like structures in cells
• they are often associated with forming
• rough ER
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in
  cells
• they are made in the nucleus of the cell
• A ribosome can make the average protein in about
  one minute

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Ribosome Structure

• Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic
  acid(RNA)
• These molecules are arranged into two subunits
• These subunits are attached to each other and
  together form the entire ribosome
• When viewed through a light microscope the
  ribosomes appear as dots

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• Types of Ribosomes
• There are two kinds of ribosomes
• 1) Attached to the rough ER
• 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm
• Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in
  the ER or transported within the ER
• Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the
  cytoplasm

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Exercize your brain w/
Homework Questions
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Assignment Part A (slides 1-11)
Directions Write-out and highlight the
following questions. Then use your notes to
answer them.
1. Which organelle is known as the Brain of
the cell?
2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would
you recognize the nucleolus?
3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane
4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes
made of protein in it.
5. The term hydro means _________. A. If
something is hydrophobic it is _________ B. If
something is hydrophilic it is __________
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Assignment Part B (slides 11-23)
Directions Write-out and highlight the
following questions. Then use your notes to
answer them.
1. Which organelle is known as the Power House
of the cell?
2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job
as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human
body.
3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough
ER from the smooth ER.
4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?
5. What type of reactions occur on the inner
membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)
6. The process of H2O moving across the cell
membrane is called?
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Assignment Part C (slides 23-)
Directions Write-out and highlight the
following questions. Then use your notes to
answer them.
1. What is the main function of a lysosome?
2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open?
3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and
protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you)
4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS?
5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
6. What are the three main ingredients for
photosynthesis?
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Assignment Part D (slides 23-)
Directions Write-out and highlight the
following questions. Then use your notes to
answer them.
1. Centrioles are usually found in __________
cells.
2. What is the main function of a centriole?
3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in
an animal cell.
4. What do ribosomes make?
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See also wksht to go with questions parts B-D