Foreign and Domestic Policy

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Foreign and Domestic Policy
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Definitions

• Foreign Policy
• Refers to actions or engagements that occur
  OUTSIDE of The United States (say, Afghanistan).
  If ANYTHING is labeled Foreign it means dealing
  with something OUTSIDE of the U.S.
• Domestic Policy
• Refers to actions or engagements that occur
  INSIDE The United States. If ANYTHING is labeled
  Domestic it means dealing with something Inside
  the U.S.

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Foreign Policy

• Primary Duties are split between Executive and
  Legislative Branches.
• Who is the Chief Diplomat in the United States?
• President. S/he negotiates treaties with foreign
  countries (military/peace/economic).
• How does the Legislative Branch get involved?
• They must APPROVE the Treaty for it to be legal.
  Which House of Congress approves treaties?
• Senate.

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United States Foreign policy

• Isolationism is the policy of avoiding conflict
  with foreign nations by limiting foreign
  relations. For the first 170 years or so of the
  history of the United States, the U.S. government
  tried to stay out of foreign affairs. Instead the
  nation tried to focus on its own issues and
  problems. This did not always work out.

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United States Foreign policy

• Neutrality is the idea of the government not
  getting involved in a foreign conflict. To stay
  out of a war or not choose sides.

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United States Foreign policy

• A doctrine in foreign policy is a statement of
  how the government is planning on acting toward
  foreign governments in certain situations. The
  U.S. had the Monroe Doctrine for about 100 years.
  This stated that the U.S. would treat any
  European involvement in Latin American matters as
  an act of aggression and war.

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United States Foreign policy

• A corollary is a statement that follows as a
  natural or logical result. What logically
  followed the Monroe Doctrine was the Roosevelt
  Corollary. This statement said that the U.S.
  would get involved in the matters of any Latin
  American country if they could not govern
  themselves.

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United States Foreign policy

• Dollar diplomacy was the name given to the policy
  of sending American troops to protect private
  American financial interests in unstable Latin
  American countries.
• Because using American troops in neighboring
  countries did not make those countries happy with
  the U.S., President Franklin Roosevelt decided in
  1933 to adopt a Good Neighbor Policy which
  stopped American military involvement in Latin
  American countries.

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Timeline of American foreign policy
TIME PERIOD FOREIGN POLICY APPROACH WAR or PEACE? RESULT
1776-1783 War of Independence WAR US gains Independence from Great Britain
1783-1812 Isolationism (Neutrality) Peace Establishing the Nation
1812-1815 War of 1812 WAR U.S. protects its economic political rights
1815-1846 Isolationism/ Monroe Doctrine Peace Westward Expansion
1846-1848 Mexican War WAR The U.S. gains more territory to allow westward expansion
1848-1898 Isolationism (Neutrality) / Monroe Doctrine Peace with Neighbors Long period of Monroe Doctrine and Isolationism and distracted by the Civil War, 1861-1865
1898 The Spanish-American War WAR Protected U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere
1898-1915 Isolationism (Neutrality) Peace Trying to stay out of global conflict (The Roosevelt Corollary)
1915-1919 World War I WAR U.S. pulled into WWI and became a Global Player
1919-1941 Isolationism (Neutrality) Peace Trying to stay out of global conflict (The Good Neighbor Policy)
1941-1945 World War II WAR U.S. pulled into WWII and became a Global Player
1945-1991 The Cold War Peace (sort of) The U.S. was in an international standoff and power struggle with the Soviet Union. Tried to contain Communism and keep the balance of power. The U.S. joins NATO and the UN.
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23.1The three branches of government and foreign
policy
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The three branches of government and foreign
policy

• The Legislature
• The Senate ratifies (or confirms) treaties with
  other countries by a 2/3 vote.
• The Executive
• The President is Commander-in-Chief of the
  military.
• The Presidents advisor, the Secretary of State,
  helps manage relations with foreign countries.
• The President appoints ambassadors to foreign
  countries.
• The Judiciary
• The Supreme Court has the power to interpret
  treaties ratified by the Senate.

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23.2The cold war
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The cold war

• The United Nations (UN) was created after World
  War II in order to help prevent future wars and
  conflict. There are 193 member nations and they
  meet to coordinate peaceful solutions to global
  issues such as war, starvation, disease, poverty,
  and natural disasters.

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The cold war

• Communism is an economic and political system in
  which the means of production of food and other
  items are owned and controlled by the government.
  
• Satellite nations are countries that are
  controlled by another country.

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The cold war

• Containment was the U.S. policy of stopping the
  spread of communism by influencing other
  countries to be friendly to the democratic U.S.
  and not the communist Soviet Union.
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a
  military alliance organization that was
  originally created to protect against the threat
  of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism.

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The cold war

• The Cold War represented a balance of power
  between the US and the Soviet Union. A balance of
  power is when countries are about equal in
  strength.
• The balance of power was tested and became very
  tense (almost causing an actual war) in 1962
  during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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The cold war

• A limited war was fought between noncommunist
  nations and communist nations between 1951 and
  1973. A limited war is a war where countries do
  not use all of their military power (especially
  not nuclear weapons) in fighting against their
  enemies. The Korean War (1951-1953) and the
  Vietnam War (1954-1975) are examples of limited
  wars.

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The cold war

• In 1985, a détente, or lessening of tensions
  (between the U.S. and the USSR) was announced by
  the Soviet Union as their empire began to
  collapse economically and politically. By 1991,
  the USSR was no more and became divided into many
  different nations.

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23.3new trends in united states foreign policy
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New Trends in foreign policy

• Russia and Eastern Europe
• Russia continues to strive to build up its
  country economically after the seventy years of
  communist control. Just like the U.S., Russia has
  been the target of terrorist attacks within the
  last 10 years. Russia has begun the process of
  becoming a member of NATO.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• Iraq
• Saddam Hussein was an autocrat who ruled Iraq. In
  1990, he invaded neighboring Kuwait, but the U.S.
  drove him out in 1991. In 2003, the U.S. again
  went into Iraq as a punishment for not following
  up with promises to allow weapons inspections. In
  2003, Saddam was toppled from power and the U.S.
  continues to help Iraq establish a democratic
  society.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• Israel and Palestine
• Israel was created after World War II as a
  country for the Jewish people. However, conflict
  has arisen between the Israelis and the
  Palestinians who also live in the area and are
  Muslim Arabs. Several wars have occurred since
  1948 and each side continues to strike back after
  each attack. A cycle of violence has continued,
  and the U.S. has tried to work out peace
  solutions many times.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• India and Pakistan
• Since the creation of these nations in 1947,
  these countries have fought three wars. Now, both
  countries have nuclear weapons. Therefore the
  U.S. tries to keep both sides calm so that no
  nuclear war breaks out. The U.S. has decent
  relations with both countries.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• Africa
• Over the past several decades, the continent has
  been shaken by several wars. Diseases such as
  AIDS have spread, and human tragedies such as
  those in the Darfur region of Sudan have captured
  some attention from the U.S. The UN has taken
  responsibilities for many peacekeeping jobs in
  Africa, including in Darfur. Recently a new
  country, South Sudan was created to help stop the
  Sudanese Civil War.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• Latin America and Canada
• The U.S. tries to increase good trade relations
  with the other countries in North and South
  America. This is done through the North American
  Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Another important
  topic in Latin America is the U.S.s War on
  Drugs. The War on Drugs is an organized effort to
  end the trade and use of illegal drugs. Also, the
  U.S. has continued to enforce an embargo on Cuba.
  An embargo is a government order forbidding trade
  with a certain country or group.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• Iran
• Recently, Iran has begun to create facilities for
  processing nuclear material. They claim it is for
  nuclear power plants, but the U.S. and other
  nations fear it will be used to create a nuclear
  weapon that could be used against the U.S. or its
  allies, or given to terrorists to use against
  innocent people. The negotiations are sometimes
  intense between Iran and other nations about this
  issue.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• September 11, 2001
• On Tuesday, September 11, 2001, terrorists
  hijacked four airplanes in the U.S. and flew them
  into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon (and
  another crashed into a field in Pennsylvania).

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New Trends in foreign policy

• The World Trade Center is a business complex in
  New York City containing two tall skyscrapers.
  The Pentagon is the headquarters of the U.S.
  military leadership. Terrorists are individuals
  who use violence to achieve political goals.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• This attack killed several thousand innocent
  Americans. The terrorist group who did this was
  Al Qaeda (which was led by Osama bin Laden).
  Another group, the Taliban, who ruled most of the
  country of Afghanistan, allowed Al Qaeda to stay
  in their country.

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New Trends in foreign policy

• The U.S. military and its NATO allies responded
  by invading the country and, with the help of the
  Northern Alliance, took the Taliban out of power
  in Afghanistan. The Northern Alliance is an
  Afghan group that fought against the Taliban.
  This battle to stabilize Afghanistans new
  government is still going on today.