Mid-19c European Nationalism

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Russian Imperial Flag
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Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire
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Nicholas I r. 1825-1855

• Autocracy!
• Orthodoxy!
• Nationalism!

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Alexander II r. 1855-1881

• Defeat in Crimean War
• Started reforms Industrial Revolution
• Emancipation of the Russian serfs 1861
• Zemstvos formed
• 1864- judicial reforms
• Expanded Russias boundaries
• Stopped Populist Revolts and not Peoples Will

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Russian Expansion
ThePale
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Alexander III r. 1881-1894

• Reactionaryno more reforms!!!!
• Slavophil
• Russification heightened
• Pogroms toward Jews
• Forced migration of Jews
• Iron Fist rule
• Harassed Catholics and Protestants
• Tightened Censorship

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Forced Migration of Russias Jews
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Nicholas II (1894-1917)

• Last of the Romanovs
• Encouraged industrialization
• Trans Siberian Railroad
• Still mainly an agriculture country
• lots of rural poverty and overpopulation

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Growth of Radicalism

• Social Democrats- (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks)
  Marxist will split into these two groups. Lenin
  headed the Bolsheviks. Mainly industrial workers.
• Socialist Revolution Party- mainly peasants and
  workers.
• Union of Liberation- Middle class liberals who
  wanted a constitutional monarchy

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1905 Revolution

• After loss to Japan (1904-5), government was seen
  as weak by the people
• Bloody Sunday- troops fired into peaceful crowd
  in St. Petersburgs Winter Palace.
• Caused demonstrations and strikes throughout
  Russia
• October Manifesto- 1905- Nicholas tries to stop
  outbreak, creates a constitution (Fundamental
  Laws) granting civil rights and creating a Duma
  legalized political parties
• Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist
  Revolutionaries, Octobrist (m.c. liberals),
  Cadets (const. demos)

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Post Revolution

• 1906 1907 1st and 2nd Dumas created, but
  dissolved by Nicholas
• 1906 Agrarian Reform Act- gave peasants land
  hoping to create a landowning society who would
  vote for the conservatives
• Too laterevolution and war will engulf Russia