The Biological Bases of Behavior

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The Biological Bases of Behavior

• Chapter 3

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Nervous Tissue The Basic Hardware

• NEURONS
• receive information
• _at_ dendrites
• transmit information
• along axon
• integrate information
• through synapse

• GLIA
• support neurons
• nourish
• remove waste products
• provide insulation
• account for 50 of brains volume

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Neuron Diagram
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vcUGuWh2UeMk
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Neuron Parts

• Soma
• Cell body
• Contains nucleus

• Myelin Sheath
• Provides insulation
• Speeds up transmission of information

• Terminal Buttons
• Found at the ends of axons
• Secrete neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters and Behavior

• Acetylcholine
• muscle movement
• contributes to attention, arousal and memory

• Monoamines
• Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
• control voluntary movements
• abnormal levels contribute to psychological
  disorders

• GABA
• responsible for inhibition in central nervous
  system
• regulates anxiety and modulates sleep

• Endorphins
• contributes to modulation of pain

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The Nervous Systems
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The Peripheral Nervous System

• Somatic Nervous System
• responsible for voluntary movement
• carry information in skin, muscles, joints to CNS
  and from CNS to muscles

• Autonomic Nervous System
• controls automatic, involuntary functions
• mediates physiological arousal (emotions)
• Fight-or- flight response

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Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathetic
• Fight-or-Flight response
• mobilizes bodys resources for emergencies
• Slows digestion, drains blood from periphery
• releases hormones (adrenaline)

• Parasympathetic
• Rest and Renew
• restores bodily resources
• slow HR, reduce BP
• allows the body to save and store energy

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Central Nervous System

• Brain and spinal cord
• lies within the skull and spinal column
• Protected by cerebrospinal fluid

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The Spinal Cord

• connects brain to body
• carries brains commands to PNS
• relays sensations
• transmits signals from brain to motor neurons
  (ACh) to move bodys muscles

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The Brain
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The Hindbrain

• Pons
• clusters of cell bodies controlling sleep and
  arousal
• bridge of fibers connecting brainstem to
  cerebellum
• coordination of movement and sense of equilibrium

• Medulla
• attached to spinal cord
• controls vital unconscious functions
• circulating blood, breathing

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The Midbrain

• lies between the hindbrain and forebrain
• integrates sensory processes
• hearing vision
• reticular formation contributes to muscle
  reflexes, pain perception, and sleep/arousal

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The Forebrain

• Thalamus
• composed of somas
• relays all sensory information except smell

• Limbic system
• regulates emotion, memory and motivation
• hippocampus memory
• amygdala aggression

• Hypothalamus
• controls autonomic nervous system
• regulates basic biological drives

• Cerebrum
• responsible for complex mental activities
• learning, thinking, remembering

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The Cerebrum

• Occipital lobe
• back of the head
• primary visual cortex receives and processes
  visual information

• Parietal Lobe
• forward of occipital lobe
• primary somatosensory cortex registers sense of
  touch

• Temporal Lobe
• below parietal lobe
• primary auditory cortex devoted to auditory
  processing

• Frontal Lobe
• largest lobe at front
• primary motor cortex controls muscle movement

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Right Brain/Left BrainCerebral Laterality

• Chapter 3

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Right Hemisphere

• Nonverbal processing
• spatial, musical, visual recognition tasks
• Intuitive
• follow gut feeling
• Thoughtful
• sense others feelings
• Imaginative
• creating images

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Left Hemisphere

• Verbal processing
• language, speech, reading, writing
• Logical
• decisions based on facts
• Analytical
• follow fine details
• Memory
• processing symbols

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Split Brain Research

• Study of patients with severed corpus callosum.
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Involves sending messages to only one side of the
  brain.
• Demonstrates right and left brain specialization

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Split Brain Research
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vlfGwsAdS9Dc
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Bisecting the Brain

• Each hemispheres primary connections are to the
  opposite side of the body
• L hemisphere R hand
• R hemisphere L hand
• Both eyes and ears deliver information to both
  hemispheres
• Auditory input stronger/ more immediate for
  opposite hemisphere

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Split Brain Simulation
Partnerships Partnerships
Jesus Savanna
Jackson Angela
Christian Delaney
Hunter Sarah Williams
Deshun Jasmine
Jibri Alexandria
Ben Searra
Brett Nate Hooper
Sam Autumn
Anthony Sara Stephens
Weston Sarah Holcomb

1. Sit next to your partner
2. Outside arms should go behind your back.
3. Arms closest to your partner should cross each
   other.
4. Work together to complete the tasks I call out.

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Can you determine whether the left or right
hemisphere of the brain is dominant?

• Procedure
• Think about two of your friends or family
  members.
• Compare them in terms of the areas they seem to
  be most adept at
• Ex mathematics, logical thinking, musical
  ability, art, speech, etc.
• Record your observations in a two column chart
• include 8-10 for each person
• Analysis
• Based on your observations, which hemisphere
  seems to be dominant in each individual? Why?

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Ticket out the Door

1. Name a specialty for the left hemisphere of the
   brain.
2. What is split brain research?
3. Which hemisphere controls the right side of the
   body?

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Handedness

• the hand that performs faster or more precisely
  on manual tasks
• the hand that one prefers to use, regardless of
  performance
• handedness is typically opposite from the
  specialized hemisphere
• majority of left-handers also seem to have a
  left-hemispheric brain specialization

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Problem Solving Tasks

• Males
• rely heavily on left brain
• solve problems step by step

• Females
• greater access to right brain
• focus on more than one problem at a time

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The Endocrine System

• Unit 2
• Chapter 3

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Endocrine System Another Way to Communicate

• consists of glands that secrete hormones into the
  bloodstream that help control bodily functions
• digestion
• blood pressure regulation
• pulsatile- released several times/day in brief
  bursts or pulses that last only minutes

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