Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

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Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

• Topic 10.1

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• functional groups are the reactive part of
  molecules
• see hand out giving
• class functional group suffix general
  formula - example

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Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional
groups
Functional Group Formula Structural Formula
Alcohol -OH - O H
Aldehyde -COH (on the end of a chain) O - C H
Ketone -CO- (cant be on end of chain) O - C
Carboxylic Acid -COOH (on the end of a chain) O - C O H
Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I - X
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Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional
groups
Functional Group Formula Suffix (or Prefix)
Alcohol -OH -ol
Aldehyde -COH -al
Ketone -CO- -one
Carboxylic Acid -COOH -oic acid
Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I bromo-,chloro-, fluoro-,iodo-
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Know these 7, only have to recognize the 3 in the
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Alcohols suffix anol
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol
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Aldehydes suffix -al
propanal Note an aldeyhde group is always on
an end carbon so dont need a number butandianal
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Ketones suffix -one
propanone (dont need C, must be in between two
carbons) butanone (dont need C, must be in
between two carbons) 2-pentanone or penta-2-one
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butandione
pentan-3-one
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Carboxylic Acids suffix -oic acid
butanoic acid Note a carboxyl is always on an
end carbon propandioic acid
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Halides prefixes fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
1-bromopropane 2-chlorobutane 1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-difluoroethene 1,2-difluoroethene 1,1,2-trif
luoroethene
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Only identify the following functional groups in
structures
Functional Group Formula
Amine - NH2
Ester O R C O R
Benzene
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amino, benzene ring, ester
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10.1.12 Identify primary, secondary and tertiary
carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and
halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)

• with reference to the carbon that is directly
  bonded to an alcohol group or a halogen
• Primary carbon atom is only bonded to one other
  carbon
• Secondary carbon atom is bonded to two other
  carbons
• Tertiary carbon atom is bonded to three other
  carbons

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10.1.13 Discuss the volatility and solubility in
water of compounds containing the functional
groups listed in10.1.9.

• Volatility how easily a substance turns into a
  gas
• the stronger the intermolecular force, the less
  volatile it is
• ionic hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole van
  der Walls
• therefore volatility from highest to lowest
• alkane (only Van der Walls) halogenoalkane
  aldehyde ketone amine alcohol (H bonding)
  carboxylic acid (H bonding)

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Boiling Points
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• Solubility a solutes ability to dissolve in a
  polar solvent (water)
• the more polar a substance is, the more soluble
  it is
• solubility decreases as chain length increases
• smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones carboxylic
  acids are typically soluble
• they are all polar as is water

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