Track 3: Green Transport

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Track 3 Green Transport

• Green Logistics
• Nakul Sathaye
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
• Mike Chester
• UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport
• Volvo Center for Excellence Workshop
• July 24, 2006

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Outline

• Green Logistics
• Externalities of Freight Transportation
• Methodology
• Organization of Options
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
• Problem Statement
• Methodology
• Application

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Green LogisticsExternalities of Freight
Transportation
Economic Impacts 1.Traffic Congestion 2. Resource waste
Ecological Impacts 1. Greenhouse Gases Cause Climate Change 2. The use of non-renewable fossil fuel 3. The effects of waste products such as tires and oil 4. Ecosystem destruction and species extinction
Social Impacts 1. Negative public health impacts of pollution 2. Crop destruction 3. Injuries and deaths resulting from traffic accidents 4. Noise 5. Visual intrusion 6. Congestion deterring passenger travel 7. Loss of Greenfield sites and open spaces 8. Deterioration of Buildings/Infrastructure
Adapted from UK Roundtable on Sustainable
Development (1996)
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Green LogisticsFreight Emissions in Metropolitan
Areas
Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005) Assessing the
Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the
National and Regional Level Final Report
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Green LogisticsModal Considerations
Modal split of freight transport volume in Europe
Mode split for overall freight transportation by
tonnage in the U.S. in 2001
Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005) Assessing the
Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the
National and Regional Level Final Report
European Environment Agency (2006) Transport and
Environment Facing A DIllema
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Green LogisticsMethodology
Transportation and Environmental Economic Theory
Current Green Logistics Schemes
Assessment of Environmental Externalities
Green Logistics Methods

• Impact Analysis (Case Studies)
• Air Quality Considerations
• Logistics Companies
• Implementation Costs

Logistics Optimization Methods -Facility
Location -Routing -Scheduling and Management
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Green LogisticsOrganization of Options
Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and
Samer Madanat (2006) The Environmental Impacts
of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation
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Effect on Externalities Application Types Options/Considerations
I. Impact Considerations A. Impact Assessment 1. Exposure Metrics
I. Impact Considerations B. Policies and Projects 1. Diversion based on location 2. Diversion based on timing
II. Emissions Reduction A. Industry Practices 1. Employee Training 2. Equipment Condition
II. Emissions Reduction B. Technologies 1. Fuel Efficiency 2. Fuel Changes 3. Combustion Improvements 4. Post-Combustion Controls
II. Emissions Reduction C. Government Policies 1. Vehicle Standards 2. Fuel Standards
III. Affecting Operations A. Technologies 1. Intelligent Routing Systems 2. Real-Time Traffic Information 3. Online B2B Coordination
III. Affecting Operations B. Operations 1. Vehicle Utilization 2. Intermodal Options
III. Affecting Operations C. Public Projects 1. Terminals 2. Pavement Characteristics
III. Affecting Operations D. Government Policies 1. Load Factor Requirements 2. Weight Regulations 3. Zonal Designations 4. Temporal Restrictions 5. Taxation 6. Market Creation
IV. Economic and Societal Development Considerations A. Demand 1. Goods Characteristics 2. Geography 3. Cultural
Table 11 in Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad
Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006) The
Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and
Options for Mitigation
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger
TransportationProblem Statement

• Transportation emissions are typically evaluated
  from the vehicle tail-pipe
• Vehicle life-cycle is ignored
• (i.e. manufacturing and disposal)
• Mode and fuel infrastructure is ignored
• Policy is created and decisions are made based on
  tail-pipe emissions
• e.g. CAFE standards
• A thorough understanding of human health and
  environmental impacts requires knowledge of
  emissions from the modes life-cycle

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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger
TransportationMethodology

• A life-cycle emissions inventory will be created
• Modes automobile, bus, heavy rail, and light
  rail
• For each mode inputs and outputs from
  infrastructure, vehicle, and fuels
• Hybrid LCA
• Combines the positive aspects of process based
  LCA and economic input-output based LCA
• Goes beyond vehicle tail-pipe quantifies effects
  in the supply chain

I V F
Design
Production
Use X
End-of-Life
IInfrastructure, VVehicle, FFuels IInfrastructure, VVehicle, FFuels IInfrastructure, VVehicle, FFuels IInfrastructure, VVehicle, FFuels
Process-Based
Product
EIO
? Supply Chain
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger
TransportationEmissions Inventory

• Energy Inputs
• Electricity and fuel use
• Emissions Outputs
• Criteria air pollutants (SO2, CO, NOX, VOC, Pb,
  PM10)
• Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O)
• Quantification and location of inputs/outputs in
  the supply chain
• Improve decision-making processes
• Applicability of abatement technologies

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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger
TransportationInventory Application

• Comparison of two major U.S. cities with
  different modal shares
• New York and Los Angeles
• Application of life-cycle inventory to existing
  transportation models to understand full effects

Image Source Google Maps, http//maps.google.com/
, Accessed 7/11/2006