Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
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What is anatomy and physiology?
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Anatomy

• Describes the structures of the body
• Name
• Location
• Composition

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Physiology

• Is the study of
• functions of anatomical structures

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What do anatomists and physiologists do?
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Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)

• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines
  large, visible structures
• surface anatomy
• exterior features
• regional anatomy
• body areas

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Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)

• systemic anatomy
• groups of organs working together
• developmental anatomy
• from egg (embryology) to maturity
• clinical anatomy
• medical specialties

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Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)

• Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules
  
• cytology
• cells and their structures
• cyt cell
• histology
• tissues and their structures

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Specialties of Physiology

• Cell physiology
• processes within and between cells
• Special physiology
• functions of specific organs
• Systemic physiology
• functions of an organ system
• Pathological physiology
• effects of diseases

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How are living things organized?
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From Simple to Complex

• Atoms
• are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules
• are a group of atoms working together
• Organelles
• are a group of molecules working together

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From Simple to Complex

• Cells
• are a group of organelles working together
• Tissues
• are a group of similar cells working together
• Organs
• are a group of different tissues working together

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From Simple to Complex

• Organ systems
• are a group of organs working together
• Organism
• is an individual

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The 11 Organ Systems

• The body is divided into 11 organ systems
• All organ systems work together
• Many organs work in more than 1 organ system

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KEY CONCEPT

• Homeostasis All body systems working together to
  maintain a stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes
  to function within a normal range (body
  temperature, fluid balance)

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KEY CONCEPT

• Failure to function within a normal range results
  in disease

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Mechanisms of Regulation

• Autoregulation (intrinsic)
• automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
• Extrinsic regulation
• responses controlled by nervous and endocrine
  systems

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Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 13
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Maintaining Normal Limits

• Receptor
• receives the stimulus
• Control center
• processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector
• carries out instructions

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Negative Feedback

• The response of the effector negates the stimulus

Figure 14
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Positive Feedback

• The response of the effector reinforces the
  stimulus

Figure 15
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Working Together
Table 11
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Working Together

• Systems integration
• systems work together to maintain homeostasis

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KEY CONCEPT

• Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium
• opposing forces are in balance
• Physiological systems work to restore balance
• Failure results in disease or death

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What are the anatomical terms used to describe
body sections, regions, and relative positions?
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Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 16
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KEY CONCEPT

• Anatomical position
• hands at sides, palms forward
• Supine
• lying down, face up
• Prone
• lying down, face down

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Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3)

• 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

Figure 17a
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Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3)

• 9 abdominopelvic regions

Figure 17b
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Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3)

• Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic
  regions

Figure 17c
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Which Direction?
Figure 18
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Which Direction?

• Lateral
• side view
• Frontal
• front view
• Anatomical direction
• refers to the patients left or right

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3 Dimensions
Figure 19
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3 Dimensions

• Plane
• a 3-dimensional axis
• Section
• a slice parallel to a plane

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What are the major body cavities and their
subdivisions?
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The Ventral Body Cavity

• Coelom
• divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
  and the abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 110a
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Isolating the Organs

• Serous membranes
• consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

Figure 110b
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Dividing the Cavities

• Thoracic cavity
• divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities

Figure 110c