Marine Ecology

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Chapter 9

• Marine Ecology

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Habitat

• The place where an organism resides

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Ecology

• The study of the interaction of organisms with
  their environment

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Biotic

• Living

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Abiotic

• Non-living

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Resources

• Anything an organism needs to survive
• Trouble when short

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Nutrients

• Required substances other than O2, CO2, H2O,
  sunlight

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Growth Curve

• A graph representing growth over time

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Self Regulation

• Growth rate depends on its own population due to
  limited resources

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Natural Selection

• Survival of the fittest

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Evolution

• Genetic changes over many generations due to
  natural selection

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Competition

• Fighting over resources

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Competitive Exclusion

• When one species becomes extinct due to losing
  out in the struggle for resources

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Resource Partitioning

• Sharing resources
• Each species find a way to get its share of
  resources

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Ecological Niche

• How each species fits in
• Unique methods that species adapt to

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Predation

• One organism eating another

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Predator

• The organism doing the eating

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Prey

• The organism getting eaten

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Carnivore

• Meat eater

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Herbivore

• Plant or algae eater

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Coevolution

• When two species are involved in competition or
  predation, both improve

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Symbiosis

• Living together in some association

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Symbiont

• Smaller partner in a symbiotic relationship

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Host

• Larger partner in a symbiotic relationship

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Types of Symbiosis

• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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Mutualism

• A symbiotic relationship in which both partners
  benefit

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Commensalism

• A symbiotic relationship in which one partner
  benefits while the other is unaffected

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Parasitism

• A symbiotic relationship in which one partner
  benefits at the others expense

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Autotrophs

• Produce their own food
• Carbon fixers
• Producers

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Heterotrophs

• Must consume food
• Consumers

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Food Chain

• Chain of organisms in which successively larger
  organisms eat smaller ones

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Trophic Levels

• Primary producers
• Primary consumers, 1st
• Secondary consumers 2nd
• etc

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Food Web

• Because most species eat many different species,
  each species can be linked to many

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Determining Trophic Levels

• Each trophic level is classified as one level
  above the highest level its organisms consume

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Top Predator

• The top animal in any food chain

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Biomass

• The total mass of an entire species or designated
  group

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Trophic Pyramid

• Pyramid of levels designed to show relative
  biomass of each level

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Decomposers

• Organisms that help break down other organisms

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Detritus

• The combination of sediment, dead organic matter,
  waste products, and decomposers on the bottom

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Productivity

• A measure of the carbon fixation within an unit
  volume

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Carbon Fixation

• Converting atmospheric carbon in the form of
  carbon dioxide to a usable form (organic matter)

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Nitrogen Fixation

• Converting atmospheric nitrogen in the form of
  nitrogen gas to a usable form (organic matter)

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Standing Stock

• The biomass of organisms that exist at any given
  time

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Chlorophyll

• The main pigment that absorbs energy in the form
  of light that is used to drive photosynthesis

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Nutrient Cycles

• Carbon Cycle

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Nutrient Cycles

• Nitrogen Cycle

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Biological Zonation
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Pelagic

• In the water column

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Planktonic

• Organisms that cannot swim against the currents
• Floating or drifting organisms

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Phytoplankton

• Photosynthetic plankton

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Zooplankton

• Heterotrophic plankton

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Nektonic

• Organisms that can swim against the currents
• Swimming organisms

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Benthic

• Bottom dwelling

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Epipelagic

• Surface water where light can penetrate
• Photic zone

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Mesopelagic

• Middle water just below where light can penetrate
  where shadows exist
• Twilight zone

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Bathypelagic

• Deep water where it is completely dark

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Abyssopelagic

• Water near the sea floor

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Hadopelagic

• Water in deep trenches

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Splash Zone

• Area of the shoreline just above the highest
  tides that get wet with spray from the waves

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Intertidal Zone

• Area of shoreline between the lowest and the
  highest tides

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Subtidal Zone

• Benthic area from the lowest tides to the edge of
  the continental shelf (shelf break)

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Bathyl Zone

• Benthic region along the continental slope

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Hadal Zone

• Benthic areas in trenches

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Abyssal Zone

• Benthic area of the sea floor

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Coastal Zone

• Area of the oceans near shore or along the
  coastline
• Neritic Zone

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Oceanic Zone

• Area of the oceans away from shore