(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern

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(B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing
show a natural occurrence of Miura-ori. A single
row of kinks along the midrib allows a folded
leaf to be deployed once the bud opens
(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern
(C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin film that
is compressed biaxially as it dries.
Mahadevan and Rica. 2004. Self-Organized
Origami. Science 307 1740
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Beech at different stages of development.
(Kobayashi et al. 1998. The geometry of
unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
265 147-154.)
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Hornbeam at different stages of development.
Kobayashi et al. 1998.
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You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et
al. 1998) Are there other patterns of folding?
Does the packaging of young leaves relate to
phylogeny?
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Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved
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4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qius Tree
4. Eudicots- the largest group
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms
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Qui et al. 1999
4. Eudicots- the largest group
Laurales
Magnoliales
2. Magnoliids
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms
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Magnoliales(4 families) Magnoliaceae Magnolia
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http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora
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Magnolia grandiflora Note many flower parts on
an enlarged receptacle, leaf-like stamens.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
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Magnolia grandiflora Young fruits (follicles)
developing. Stigmas are turning brown, anthers
are drying up. Petals have been removed.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
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Follicles have dehisced releasing a bright red
seed suspended on a slender thread.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
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Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Liriodendron
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Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree,
Magnoliaceae- note tulip-shaped leaf, radial
symmetry, woody, many flower parts.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
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Cross section Note expanded receptacle, many
stamens and carpels, leaf-like stamens, radial
symmetry.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.
htm
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Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels separate at
maturity producing samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)
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Laurales (5 families) Lauraceae Sassafras
albidum
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Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae Note
male and female flowers (dioecious), 3 leaf
shapes, woody.
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Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit
drupe with a bright red expanded cup-like
receptacle.
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Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)
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Piperales (5 families) Piperaceae Piper spp.
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Piperaceae
Inflorescence a spike densely covered with minute
flowers
Leaves alternate, pinnate to palmate venation.
Nodes Swollen and Jointed
Each flower with a peltate bract.
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Piperaceae Piper nigrum Black Pepper Note Infruct
escence Jointed stems Palmate-like venation
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Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae The
joints on the stems are very clear in the first
view. The riper red drupes are clear in the
second view.
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Peppers
Oxidized or fermented peppers
Green Black White
Outer layer removed by soaking the pepper for
1-week in running water. This reveals the white
pit.
Early harvest, quick drying to prevent
fermentation
Color of unripe drupes
Color of ripe drupes
Pickled Green Pickled Red
Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red
peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at
all-- but rather the berries from Schinus
terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).
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Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae
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Typical flowers of the Piperaceae Note No
sepals and petals Flower subtended by a peltate
(mushroom shaped) bract. 2 anthers in this
species stigma
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More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceae-
identify the flower parts.
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The rhizomes of Piper methysticum are used to
prepare Kava-- a drink used to facilitate social
interaction!
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4. Eudicots- the largest group
Laurales
Magnoliales
2. Magnoliids
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms