CCTV%20Content

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CCTV Content

• What are CCTV Systems?
• Concept Integration of CCTV systems - 3D M³
• Application Market Segments of CCTV
• CCTV Components Terminology
• CCTV System Checklist
• Certis Product lines

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CCTV Systems
Traditional analog surveillance technology
(referred to as Closed Circuit Television or
simply CCTV) has been around for over 20 years.
There are three types of CCTV Traditional
Analog CCTV DVR Analog CCTV NVR (Network
Video Recorders) The picture shows the current
market trend of video surveillance and how over
time it is becoming an extension of the computer
network.
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CCTV System Components
Typical Setup of a Traditional Analog CCTV System
Cameras
CCTV Monitor
Multiplexer
Time Lapse VCR (OUTDATED)
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CCTV System Components
Typical Setup of a Digital CCTV System
PAL Format Europe Asia
Door Contacts/ PIR Sensor
Typically 4/8/9/16 Cameras
Removable Storage
Permanent Storage
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CCTV System Components
Camera
Fixed CCTV cameras come in two main types

• The first type has a camera body, to which a
  lens of varying focal lengths may be attached.
• Features such as BLC (Back Light Compensation),
  Auto Iris Drive and AES (Auto Electronic Shutter)
  are provided.

• The second style is basically a fixed lens
  mounted on a camera circuit board. These cameras
  may be packaged in a small case (Mini Cameras) or
  dome (Mini Dome).

• Remember - All cameras need a power supply!
  (e.g. 12VDC/ 24V/230VAC).

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CCTV System Components
Camera
Pan, Tilt, Zoom (PTZ) Cameras

• PTZ cameras operate
• 360 degrees horizontally (Pan)
• 180 degrees vertically (Tilt)
• Provide Optical Zoom.
• Controlled through Keyboard / DVR.
• Auto-scan to move through a range of pre-set
  positions.
• Allow Privacy Zones (e.g. Cashier NETS Pin
  Masking)
• Programmable preset positions

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CCTV System Components
Camera

• Light Sensitivity (LUX)

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CCTV System Components
Camera

• Light Sensitivity
• - Sensitivity ratings are generally given as the
  minimum "Lux" levels at which the camera will
  produce a useable image (1 Lux equals 1/10 Candle
  Light).
• - The lower the Lux level rating, the more light
  sensitive the camera
• Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio
• - The higher the Signal to Noise ratio, the
  clearer the video image produced by the camera.
• - Good CCTV cameras will have a S/N ratio of at
  least 48dB.

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CCTV System Components
Camera Lenses
Getting the right CCTV Lens

• Focal length
• Lenses either have a fixed or variable focal
  length
• Manually variable focal length lenses are called
  Vari-Focal Lenses. (Typically used for
  specifically known area/object surveillance)
• Powered variable focal length lenses are called
  Zoom Lenses
• Typical Fixed focal length lenses vary from
  3.6mm - 16mm (Typically used for general area
  surveillance)
• Zoom Lenses can go over 70mm. (Typically used
  for outdoor perimeter surveillance)

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CCTV System Components
Getting the right CCTV Lens
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CCTV System Components
Selecting the right CCTV Lens
3.6 mm Lens Picture area 49' w x 35' h
6mm Lens Picture area 29' w x 21' h
8mm LensPicture area 22' w x 16' h
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CCTV System Components
Selecting the right CCTV Lens
15mm LensPicture area 12' w x 9' h
55mm Lens Picture area 3.25' w x 2.50' h
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CCTV System Components
Camera Lenses
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CCTV System Components
The Camera Lens
In Summary Most lenses used today are vari-focal
lenses which are suitable for both indoor and
outdoor applications and can be adjusted on site
to the field of view required by the user
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CCTV System Components
The Camera Lens
Auto Iris Lens - Commonly used in varying light
conditions (e.g. outside or inside facing a
window) where the iris on the camera will need to
open and close to accommodate changes in light
intensity. - This is similar to your eye (iris)
opening to allow in more light during low light
levels. - Conversely during bright sunlight your
iris closes.
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CCTV System Components
Types of Camera Housings and Brackets
Indoor Housing In-ceiling, wall and corner
mount to prevent dust. Outdoor Housing Designed
to withstand wide ranges of temperature,
humidity, rainfall, and sunlight. May include
blower, heater, sun shroud thermal insulation.
Minimum standard is IP65
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IP (Ingress Protection) Ratings Chart
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CCTV System Components
Types of Camera Housings and Brackets
Explosion Proof Housing required for
potentially combustible atmospheres eg.
Laboratory, Chemical storage areas. Vandal Proof
Used where structural integrity and vandalism
are a priority eg. for public areas prison
facilities. Pressurized Housing operating in
tough environmental conditions e.g. on board
ships
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CCTV System Components
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Day Night Camera
Day night cameras automatically switch to black
and white mode (night) when the light level (lux)
decreases below a preset minimum.
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CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) consist of three
main types

• PC- based DVR (OUTDATED)
• - Computer-based system incorporating
• Video capture and display
• Video multiplexing
• Video recording and playback
• Remote video access via modem, Internet and/or
  LAN
• Expandable - add on video capture card
• Operating System and application functions
  installed to Primary Hard Disk

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CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder

• Embedded DVR
• Operating System and all application functions
  are contained (embedded) in firmware (software
  encoded on chips).
• Allows Triplex operation (View, Record and
  Playback at the same time)
• Fixed number of camera channels
• Embedded DVR's are more suitable for less
  protected locations such as warehouses,
  manufacturing, restaurants, etc.

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CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder

• Network Video Recorder
• Used for Network centralized storage and remote
  monitoring playback of recorded images
• Multiple site capability

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CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder - RAID5 Storage
DVR's can be arranged as fault tolerant
enterprise servers (RAID5) which are often
required in casino, law enforcement, government
and various mission-critical applications. RAID5
server is a DVR with multiple hard drives and if
a single hard drive fails you won't lose your
data, unlike a standard PC where if a hard drive
fails you lose everything on that drive. RAID5
systems are costly and can increase the costs by
as much as fivefold
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CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder
Embedded Vs PC Based

• Embedded DVR
• More stable DVR system compared to PC Based DVR
• Generally more expensive in the market
• Fixed system - unable to customize features

• PC-based DVR
• - Generally more economical compared to Embedded
  DVR, but comes with system stability issues due
  to the Operating System (OS)
• - Generally more flexible - features
  customization possible
• PC components are more sensitive to temperature
  changes, dust and vibration.

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Recording Format - JPEG Vs MPEG4
"I" frame or initial frame. Use the same
background or limit simultaneous movements they
can re-use components of other frames. If much of
the image that the capture board is displaying
stays the same then it only needs to change those
partial frame segments which are moving, these
are known as "P" frames.

• JPEG compression is very good for capturing high
  quality images but requires more storage space on
  DVR
• MPEG4 compression requires smaller storage space
  (1/10th of JPEG approx) and network bandwidth
  while maintaining high quality moving images

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Recording Format - JPEG Vs MPEG4
Able to zoom in to picture with good resolution
Poor resolution upon zooming in
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CCTV Terminology for DVRs

• Simplex operation Live monitoring or Recording
  or Playback
• Duplex operation 2 functions of the above -
  e.g. Recording Playback or live monitoring and
  recording
• Triplex operation 3 functions of the above -
  e.g Recording, Playback and Viewing
• Frames Per Second (fps) is the number of frames
  recorded/viewable per second
• ie. The human eye sees 25fps as close to real
  time
• Recording resolution - 1 CIF, 2 CIF or 4 CIF
• 1 CIF 352 x 288 (pixels per line x no. of
  lines) -1/4 frame
• 2 CIF 352 x 576 (pixels per line x no. of
  lines) -1/2 frame
• 4 CIF 720 x 576 (pixels per line x no. of
  lines) - full frame

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CCTV System Components
New CCTV Technology

• Video Content Analysis (VCA) can provide
• Unattended object detection
• Removal of object detection (theft)
• Intrusion of pre-determined sensitive zones
• Perimeter defense (fence lines)
• Unusual people movement (against normal traffic
  flow)
• People counting/direction

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CCTV System Components
All DVRs ARE NOT ALIKE
Overall, the biggest concern in DVR performance
is reliability
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Determining DVR System Requirements

• Number of Video camera inputs required?
• Record rate ie. real time 25fps or time lapse
  mode?
• Recording resolution - 1 CIF, 2 CIF or 4 CIF
• Continuous, Time based or Event based recording
• Duration to record images on HDD (no. of days)
• You can then determine the Storage Capacity of
  HDD
• Other questions to ask the client
• Backup / Archiving - How? (CD, External USB
  drive)
• Remote Monitoring Required? (Dial-up, Broadband)
• P/T/Z control, Audio, ATM/POS Text recording
  required?

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CCTV system checklist products

• HARDWARE Qtys Required
• DVR ( w/keyboard mouse ) Monitor Cameras
  Camera Lenses Camera Brackets Cameras
  Housings (if necessary) Rack Cabinet
  (optional) Printer (optional)

ELECTRICAL/FITTINGS/CONNECTIONS Video Cable
Power Cable Audio Cable (if using mic.) BNC
Connectors (if using coax RG cable) Video
Baluns (if using Cat5 cable) Power Supplies (if
not using power panels) Power Panels (if not
using power supplies) Fuses (if using power
panels) Power Strip Power Cords
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Conduit
Screws/Bolts/Brackets Tie Wraps Electrical
Tape

• OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
• Hot Swappable Drives Speakers Microphones
  Relays Alarm Bells/Horns/Light RAID Storage
  Streaming Server

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CCTV Camera Selection

• Main Factors for camera selection
• Indoor or Outdoor
• Mounting Locations
• Lighting Conditions
• Size of area to be captured
• Quality of the image required
• Available power and type
• Vandalism concerns
• Distance from DVR
• Colour or Black White
• Security Objective