The War of 1812

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The War of 1812

• The Second War for Independence

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Chesapeake Incident

• Napoleon renewed his war with Britain
• 1806 Britain passes Orders in Council
• Closed European ports under French control
• Britain impressed 6000 American sailors
• Chesapeake American frigate off the coast of
  Virginia
• Confronted by British who demanded the surrender
  of deserters Americans say no
• British fire on the Chesapeake
• Infuriated Americans

3
Embargo Act of 1807

• Attempt to use economic pressure to force Britain
  and France to remove restrictions on American
  trade
• British and French continued to seize American
  ships and steal their cargo

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Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

• Replaced the Embargo Act
• US could trade with world except Br and Fr
• Remained US policy until 1812
• Unexpected Consequences
• New England was forced to become self-sufficient
  again (reopen factories)
• Laid the groundwork for US industrialism
• Jefferson, who was a critic of an industrial
  America, ironically contributed to Hamiltons
  view of America

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Madisons Gamble

• Madison wins election of 1808
• Crippled by factions in party
• Macons Bill No. 2
• If one country stopped attacks upon American
  shipping, the United States would cease trade
  with the other, unless that country agreed to
  recognize the rights of the neutral American
  ships as well.
• Gamble failed

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Britain instigates the Indians

• Tecumseh and the Prophet
• Movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal
• Tecumseh meets with
• British General Brock
• British armed the hostile
• Indians

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Battle of Tippecanoe - 1811

• General William Henry Harrison Governor of
  Indiana Territory
• Harrison gathered an army and advanced on
  Tecumsehs headquarters
• Prophet attacked Harrison and was routed
• Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national
  hero and solidified Tecumsehs alliance with
  Britain

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Mr. Madisons War

• War Hawks wanted war
• Wipe out the menace of the Indians
• Restore confidence in the republican experiment
• Felix Grundy Tennessee
• Henry Clay of Kentucky
• Madison asks Congress for War on June 1, 1812
• Federalists from New England opposed the conflict

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War of 1812

• American Problems
• US was unprepared militarily
• Had only a 12 ship Navy versus 800 British ships
• Americans disliked the draft preferred instead
  to enlist disorganized state militias
• Financially unprepared
• Flood of paper money
• Revenue from import tariffs declined
• Regional disagreements

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War of 1812 Canadian Campaign

• British forces were weakest in Canada
• US used a 3 pronged attack instead of focusing on
  Montreal
• Invaded from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain
• Each was beaten back
• American Navy performed better
• Won control of the Great Lakes
• Oliver Perry built a fleet and defeated the Brits
• Retreating Brits were then defeated by Harrison
  at Thames
• Macdonough led Americans to defeat Brits at
  Plattsburgh
• Redcoats forced to retreat

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War of 1812

• Napoleon was destroyed and Brits focused on US
• Troops landed in Chesapeake and advanced on
  Washington DC set fire to White House and
  Capitol Aug 1814
• Fort McHenry British fleet hammered fort, but
  couldnt capture Baltimore
• Francis Scott Key writes National Anthem
• British aimed at New Orleans 1814-5
• Brits launched a frontal assault on Andrew
  Jackson
• Americans were victorious and Jackson became a
  national hero

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Treaty of Ghent

• 1812 - Tsar Alexander of Russia proposed
  mediation
• Allied with British and wanted them to focus on
  Fr
• Met in Ghent, Belgium in 1814
• John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
• British made sweeping demands, Americans rejected
  them
• Treaty of Ghent was an armistice/ceasefire
• Neither side won

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Hartford Convention late 1814

• Secret meeting of Federalists
• New England considers secession
• Convention demanded financial assistance from
  Washington to compensate for lost trade
• 2/3 of Congress to approve embargo
• The members were disgraced when the news of the
  victory at New Orleans came

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Lasting Effects of the War

• Globally unimportant, but had huge consequences
  for US
• Other nations gained respect for US
• Perry and Macdonough as naval officers
• Federalist Party lost all power
• War heroes emerged Jackson and Harrison
• Manufacturing prospered in NE
• Nationalism shown in literature
• Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper
• Bank of US was revived

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The American System

• After the war, the British dumped goods on US at
  really low costs
• US factories wanted protection
• Tariff of 1816
• First tariff for protection, not revenue

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The American System

• Clays American System 1824
• Strong banking system to provide credit
• Protective tariff for manufacturing to flourish
• Network of roads and canals
• Especially in Ohio Valley
• Knit the country together economically and
  politically
• States often had to fund these measures by
  themselves

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The American System -- develop a home market

• Tariff of 1816- protect US business -
  manufacturing would flourish
• Second Bank of the U. S.
• Internal improvements at federal expense.
  - National Road

Henry Clay,The GreatCompromiser
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The American System

• Madison vetoed the federal funding states had
  to venture ahead on their own
• WEST ? got roads, canals, and
  federal aid.
• EAST ? got the backing of
  protective tariffs from the West.
• SOUTH ? ??