15.4: Taxonomy (Classification)

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15.4 Taxonomy (Classification)

• Objectives
• State the goals of taxonomy.
• Describe how evolutionary and molecular biology
  influence classification.
• Summarize the meaning of a cladogram.
• Compare and use the domain and kingdoms in
  various classification schemes.

• Vocabulary
• Taxonomy
• Binomial nomenclature
• Phylogenetic tree
• Derived character
• Cladogram

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Taxonomy - Old School

• Taxonomy system of identification, naming, and
  classifying species.
• Linnaus (1700s) Father of Taxonomy
• 2 part Latin name for each species (binomial
  nomenclature)
• Genus species (Canis lupus)
• Hierarchy of groupings
• Kingdom - Most Inclusive
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species - Least inclusive/ Most specific

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Taxonomic Groups

• Linnaus - groupings based on appearance many
  errors
• After Darwin - Groups try to show evolutionary
  relationships
• Regroup using HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES (more
  homologous structures closer related)

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Phylogenetic Trees

• Classification diagrams that show evolutionary
  relationships.
• Branches (CLADES) meet _at_ common ancestors.
• Closer branches closely related

Cladogram Phylogenetic diagram that specifies
derived characters (hair, claws, etc.)
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Modern Classification

• Based on evolutionary relationships
• Supported by MOLECULAR SIMILARITIES (DNA, amino
  acids, proteins, etc.)

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Old Scheme Classification 5 Kingdoms

• Based on structure, development, modes of
  nutrition

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Modern Classification3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

• Todays Classification
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

3 Domains Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryote
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Domain Archaea

• Extremophiles - live in extreme environments
  (acidic lakes, deep sea vents, etc.)
• Oldest life forms
• Prokaryotic (like bacteria)
• No nuclear membrane
• Few organelles (ribos)
• Cell wall
• Different fr. Bacteria
• Different DNA/RNA enzymes (more like
  eukaryotes) have introns not affected by many
  antibiotics

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Domain Bacteria

• Prokaryotic
• No nuclear membrane
• Few organelles (only ribos)
• Cell wall Capsule peptidoglycan (protein
  carbs)
• No introns in DNA
• Flagellum (mobitility)

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Prokaryotes (bacteria) v. Eukaryotes
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Domain Bacteria Structure

• Cell Shape
• 1, Cocci (spherical)
• pnemonia, streptococcus
• 2. Bacilli (rod-shaped)
• E. coli (intestinal)
• Spirochetes (spiral)
• sphilis, lymes

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Domain Eukaryotes

• Nuclear membrane
• Many organelles
• Include Kingdoms
• Protist
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

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3 Domains
6 Kingdoms