Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism

1
Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism

• If there is a single power the West
  underestimates, it is the power of collective
  hatred. Ralph Peters, 1999.

2
For More info see

• Imperial Hubris Why the West is Losing the War
  on Terror, Michael Scheuer
• Through Our Enemies' Eyes Osama bin Laden,
  Radical Islam, and the Future of America, Revised
  Edition, Michael Scheuer
• The Trouble With Islam Today, Irshad Manji
• The 9/11 Commission Report Final Report of the
  National Commission on the Terrorist Attacks Upon
  the United States
• The Great War for Civilisation The Conquest of
  the Middle East, Robert Fisk
• The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11,
  Lawrence Wright

3
Terrorism

• The unlawful use or threatened use of force or
  violence to intimidate or coerce societies or
  governments, often for ideological or political
  reasons.
• The unlawful use of force or violence against
  persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
  government, the civilian population, or any
  segment thereof, in furtherance of political or
  social objectives (FBI)

• Potentially politically loaded term
• One persons terrorist is anothers freedom
  fighter
• Terrorism most clearly defined by two
  characteristics
• Combatants do not represent a state
• Combatants deliberately target civilians
• Terrorism terrorists violate intl rules of war

4
Popular Beliefs and Misconceptions about
Terrorism

• There is a widespread, but probably incorrectly
  belief that
• Terrorists are psychotic or mentally ill
• Terrorists suffer personality disorders
• Terrorist violence is the result of personal
  frustration, or economic deprivation
• Terrorist violence is a reaction to personal
  grievances, including personal humiliation,
  anger, or shame
• Terrorists are victims of physical or
  psychological coercion from mastermind recruiters
  ("brainwashing")

5
Terrorism as Strategy

• Terrorism as weapon in a strategy
• Terrorist attacks form of strategic
  communication
• Terrorism is not new
• Terrorism is not merely religious 1980 Bologna,
  Munich attacks LTTE (Sri Lanka)
• You have to be lucky everyday We only have to
  be lucky once - IRA Bomber

6
The Tactics of Terrorism

• Six tactics of terrorism
• Bombing (most common)
• Hijacking
• Arson
• Assault
• Kidnapping
• Hostage Taking
• Weapons of mass destruction?

7
Effects of Terror

• Economy
• Each and every individual
• Irrational in nature
• Decreases any feeling of security
• Drains resources
• Places whole country on alert
• ?overreaction
• ?False sense of security or irrelevant

8
Some Strategic Objectives of Terrorism

• Recognition Gaining national or international
  recognition for their cause recruiting new
  personnel raising funds demonstrating their
  strength
• Coercion Force a desired behavior of an
  individual or government
• Intimidation Prevent individuals, groups, or
  governments from acting
• Provocation Provoking overreaction by a
  government to the attack on symbolic targets or
  personnel, thereby gaining sympathy for their
  cause.
• Insurgency support Forcing the government to
  overextend itself in dealing with the threat,
  thereby allowing the insurgency to gain support
  and commit further attacks against the government.

9
Terrorism Is Theatre

• As stated by Brian Jenkins - terrorism expert -
  terrorist acts are often deliberately
  spectacular, designed to rattle and influence a
  wide audience, beyond the victims of the violence
  itself.

10
Television and Terrorism A Cozy Relationship

• Over the years, several studies have pointed to
  the close relationship between terrorism and
  television
• The purpose of television news
• News programming provides information, but it is
  also designed to keep audiences watching
• One of the purposes is to keep the audience
  primed with emotion and excitement
• Terrorism is perfect for this scenario because it
  is so dramatic

11
Television and Terrorism A Cozy Relationship

• Basic elements of television drama
• Viewers are encouraged to stay tuned
• The station provides an expert interpreter
• The reports give the illusion that somehow the
  audience and be in control of the situation

12
The Media as a Force Multiplier

• American media and Arab media
• America broadcasted its versions of truth both
  domestically and abroad, and American news has
  always been self-absorbed
• In the 1990s a new Arab television network, al
  Jazeera, began broadcasting news from an Arab
  perspective

13
The Media as a Force Multiplier

• Terrorists use the media to reach audiences in a
  new way
• At first, terrorists reached audiences with drama
• As time went on, terrorists realized that hostage
  dramas were made for television
• If terrorists could successfully manipulate the
  situation, they could portray both hostages and
  themselves as victims while police and military
  forces appeared to be aggressors

14
The Media as a Force Multiplier

• The Internet as a force multiplier
• The Internet is one of the most important force
  multipliers easily available to terrorists
• The Internet is a powerful tool for opposition
  forces in authoritarian regimes
• Terrorists run their own websites, sometimes hack
  into exiting sites to broadcast propaganda
  videos, and also imbed pixels in legitimate
  websites to transmit secret communications

15
Security Forces vs. Reporters

• Security forces conflicting with the media
• Terrorists want to use the media as a
  psychological weapon, while governments seek to
  harness the power of the media for social control
• Law enforcement and military goals conflict
  directly with the needs of the media
• Officially, police and security forces recognize
  the medias right to report information, but they
  develop elaborate plans to control reporting

16
Security Forces vs. Reporters

• Points of views about terrorism and the media
• Some members and supporters of the press see the
  media as a quasi-constitutional force keeping the
  government in check
• Some want to limit press coverage during
  terrorist events
• The media may exploit terrorism, but they rarely
  convey messages favorable to terrorism

17
Security Forces vs. Reporters

• Terrorist theater
• The media is filled with action and it is
  entertaining
• However, research suggests that the coverage of
  terrorism is not helpful to terrorist groups
• Reporting terrorist events increases the publics
  knowledge about terrorism, but builds little
  sympathy for terrorists

18
Does Reporting Make Terrorism Contagious?

• The Internet and the contagion effect
• Contagion is magnified when rumors are spread
  through e-mails, and websites
• Copycat effect
• The greatest proponents of contagion theory argue
  that media reporting, especially television,
  leads to a copycat effect
• The reason is that media reports encourage people
  to transform dark thoughts into reality

19
Censorship Debates

• Three choices when it comes to freedom of the
  press and terrorism
• To assume a laissez-faire, or hands-off, attitude
• Censorship
• Self-regulation

20
Terrorism is a Political Act

• Creates extreme fear and anxiety in a target
  group larger than immediate victims
• Extra-normal violence in a symbolic act
• Specific victims have no particular significance
  to terrorist

21
Terrorism is Not Irrational

• Terrorist use logic that links
• Goals
• Objectives
• Strategy

22
States Sponsoring Terrorism Today

• Iran
• Iraq
• Syria
• Sudan
• Libya
• N. Korea
• Cuba

23
State Sponsored Terrorism

• Hizballah receives backing and assistance from
  the Governments of Iran and Syria.

• IRAN shaped Hizballahs ideology, gave it
  political backing and helped build its
  operational capabilities. Iran currently
  continues to support Hizballah terrorism, by
  providing it with training and weapons, financial
  aid and assistance for carrying out terror
  attacks.
• SYRIA supports and trains Hizballah and allows
  it to build its infrastructure under Syrian
  auspices. Hizballah is used as a political tool
  against Israel by the Syrian president.
• LEBANON provides a territorial base where
  Hizballah can freely operate and advance its
  terrorist infrastructure.

24
State Sponsored Terrorism
Ideology
Iran
Financing
Training
Directions
Syria
Logistics
Host
Breeding ground
Lebanon
Operational Base
Terror Hub
Hizballah
Execution
25
Hizballahs Arsenal of Weapons
Type of Weapons Type of Weapons Quantity (estimate) Range Target
Mortars 82 mm 120 mm 160 mm Dozens of mortars, thousands of mortar bombs 3000 m 5700 m 8000 m Israeli towns and cities
Rocket Launchers FAJR 3 FAJR 5 107 mm 122 mm Several dozen Unknown launchers thousands of rockets 43 km 75 km 8.3 km Long-range rocket 20.4 km Short-range rocket 11 km Into the Heart of Israel
Recoilless guns Recoilless guns Dozens 1300 m (est.) military
Artillery Guns 122 mm 130 mm 155 mm Dozens of guns Thousands of shells 11.8 km 24 km 2.75 km 18km Israeli civilians and towns
Antitank Missiles SAGGER Millan Fagot Tow Several hundred missiles of all types 1000-3000 m 300-2000 m 300-2000 m A. 600-3750 m B. 1000-3000 m Tanks
Antiaircraft SA-7 14.5 mm 23 mm 57mm A few of each kind 1.5-1.9 km 600-2500m 1400-3000m 4000-5000m Aircraft
26
Terrorism is a Political Act

• A weapon of psychological purposes
• Premeditated, politically motivated violence
  perpetrated against noncombatant targets by
  subnation or clandestine agents usually intended
  to influence an audience

27
Terrorism in the USA

• The first incident of antifederal behavior came
  shortly after the American Revolutionary War
• 1791- The Whiskey Rebellion
• The Civil War
• Southerners were fighting to keep the power of
  local government
• KKK-Purpose to intimidate supporters of
  Reconstruction
• Abortion Clinics

28
Ecoterrorism in the US

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
• ELF migrated from Europe to the United States
• The alliance has been responsible for more than
  six hundred criminal acts since 1996
• Its tactics include sabotage, tree spiking,
  property damage, intimidation, and arson

29
Ecoterrorism, Animal Rights, and Genetic
Engineering

• Ecoterrorism today
• Most violence associated with ecoterrorism has
  taken place in the American West
• From 1995-1999, damages total 28.8 million
• ELF activities have increased each year since
  1999
• Ecoterrorists are uncompromising, illogical
  extremists just like their right-wing
  counterparts They use ecology as a surrogate
  religion

30
Murrah Federal BuildingOklahoma City 25 June
1994

• 168 Dead
• 490 Injured

31
Terrorist tactics have been admired in the past

• American Revolution
• Was the Boston Tea Party an act of terrorism?????
• What about the French Resistance that fought
  against Germany in WWII?
• Russian and Spanish Guerrilla warfare vs.
  Napoleon????
• Terrorist or Freedom Fighter????
• Are we Terrorists?
• Bombing of other countries when they do something
  we dont like?
• Iraq
• Libya
• Panama

32
Why Terrorism???

• Terrorism and guerrilla warfare
• Ability to compete with superpowers
• Legitimate form of warfare?
• Applicability of Laws of war (legitimate
  nations at a disadvantage?)
• Terrorists have advantage of surprise and
  initiative
• What methods may be used to combat
  terrorist/guerrilla attacks? Advantages and
  disadvantages of each (loss of innocent life,
  collateral damage, etc.)

33
Why Terrorism? Because It Works

• The anthrax case
• 3 teaspoons worth of anthrax
• 27,500,000 to clean up Senate Office Building
• 300,000,000 to clean up postal facilities
• Two pounds of anthrax would saturate all of
  Manhattan.
• 9/11- 19 Hijackers killed thousands and caused
  Trillions of dollars in economic damage.

34
Terrorist Profiles Three Views

• Hacker one of first criminal profilers
• Hackers three types of terrorists
• Criminals
• Join terrorist groups for payoff or vengeance
• Crazies
• Join terrorist groups for thrills of lifestyle
• Crusaders
• People who believe deeply in a cause

35
Creating Terrorist Organizations

• Pyramid Organization
• Support is most common job in terrorist groups
• Fraser and Fultons hierarchy of terrorist group
• Smallest group at the top is responsible for
  command
• Second level is active cadrepeople who carry out
  organizations mission
• Third level is most important active supporters
• Fourth level is passive supporters largest group

36
Terrorism Support Base
Actual terrorists
Active supporters
Passive supporters
Sympathizers
37
Suicide Terror Attacks are . . .

• inexpensive and effective extremely favorable
  per-casualty cost benefits for the terrorists
• less complicated and compromising no escape
  plan needed, and success means no assailant to
  capture and interrogate
• perhaps the ultimate smart bomb this weapon
  can cleverly disguise itself, use various modes
  of deception, and effect last minute changes in
  timing, access, and target
• a strategic communication device successful
  attacks are virtually assured media coverage
• effective because the weaker opponent acts as
  coercer and the stronger actor is the target
• Key difference from other attacks The target of
  suicide campaign cannot easily adjust to minimize
  future damage

38
Suicide Terrorism Where?

• Three types of attacks are most likely to occur
• High value, symbolic targets involving mass
  casualties
• Important government buildings, installations, or
  landmarks
• Major means of personal or commercial
  transportation
• High value, symbolic targets against specific
  persons
• Political assassinations (e.g., head of state,
  regional governor, etc.)
• Deliberately lethal attacks targeting the public
• Bus, train, subway bombings attacks on shopping
  malls, cinemas, sports stadiums, public gathering
  spaces

39
Suicide Terrorism

• The use of suicide terrorism as a tactic has
  changed the nature of terrorism and the war in
  Iraq.
• In most cases, the use of suicide terrorism has
  tended to improve the success of terrorists and
  frustrated their more capable, better-resourced
  enemies (i.e., US, EU)
• This analysis is based on Robert Papes article
  in the Aug. 2003 American Political Science
  Review (vol. 97, no. 3, 343-361)

40
Suicide Terrorism

• Suicide terrorism was seldom used but not unknown
  before 1980
• The 1983 attack on the US Marine barracks in
  Lebanon was a spectacular early use of this
  tactic
• Since that time its use has risen sharply

41
Suicide Terrorism
Suicide Attacks Against Israel Suicide Attacks Thwarted by Israeli Forces
2000 4 4
2001 35 56
2002 60 171
2003 26 209
2002 15 367
2005 5 96
2006 2 187
Source Jewish Virtual Library.org
42
Types of Suicide Terrorism

• Suicide attack on foot, explosive belt --
  numerous Iraq
• Attempted suicide attack with a plane as target
  -- Richard Reid on American Airlines Flight 63
• Suicide car bomb -- numerous Iraq
• Suicide attack by a boat with explosives -- USS
  Cole bombing
• Suicide attack by a submarine with explosives
  (human-steered torpedo) -- Kaiten, used by Japan
  in WWII
• Suicide attack by a plane with explosives --
  kamikaze
• Suicide attack by a hijacked plane with fuel --
  9/11
• Suicide attack by diverting a bus to an abyss --
  Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus Massacre
• Suicide attack with guns -- Kashmiri insurgents
  on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 killing
  15 people.

43
Profile of Suicide Terrorists

• The original descriptions of characteristics of
  suicide terrorists pointed to depressed,
  isolated, uneducated, embittered loners carrying
  out attacks, motivated by a sense of
  powerlessness
• The rising numbers of suicide attacks has made
  this profile obsolete
• Suicide terrorists may be young, middle class,
  well-educated, female
• Religion seems to be a significant motivation in
  many cases, but not all (e.g., Tamil Tigers, Sri
  Lanka)

44
5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

• Suicide terrorism is strategic
• -- Groups announce their goals and cease attacks
  when those goals are met
• Designed to coerce modern democracies, usually
  over territorial claims
• -- Every suicide terrorist attack since 1980 has
  been directed against a democratic form of
  government
• Suicide terrorism has been rising for the past 25
  years because it is often partially successful
• -- Palestinian management/control West Bank,
  Gaza
• -- Regional autonomy negotiations for Tamil
  Tigers in Sri Lanka
• -- Limited toleration for Kurdish minority in
  Turkey

45
5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

• 4. More ambitious, large-scale attacks are
  unlikely to prove increasingly successful
• -- Large democratic states have little political
  incentive to concede when the stakes are very
  high -- public support
• 5. The most promising tactic for reducing
  suicide terrorism is by reducing the terrorists
  confidence in further success
• -- Border control, increased internal security
• -- Military action alone is unlikely to create
  this effect

46
Types of Terrorism

• Terrorists have a choice of tactics to use
  depending on the desire effect
• Demonstrative Terrorism
• Used mainly to gain publicity, recruit activists
• May announce their action in advance (bomb
  threat)
• Destructive Terrorism
• More aggressive, seeks to coerce enemies
• Balance between effect of act and the potential
  to alienate potential sympathizers
• Suicide Terrorism
• Most aggressive
• May alienate the terrorists own community

47
Types of Terrorism

• Two factors related to the news media are crucial
• Projection of an image of being unstoppable
• Projection of an image of being very numerous
• Suicide terrorism is an aspect of asymmetrical
  warfare, where the terrorist organization is
  weaker than their enemy
• Their actions are a punishment for not acceding
  to previous demands
• Fear is intensified by the credible threat of
  additional future attacks

48
Selected Suicide Terror Campaigns
Terrorist Group Terrorists Goals Target Behavior
Apr-Dec 1983 Hezbollah US/France out of Lebanon Complete Withdrawal
Nov 1983-Apr 1985 Hezbollah Israel out of Lebanon Complete withdrawal
Apr 1984-Dec 2006 Hamas, various Israel out of Palestine Complete withdrawal from Gaza, partial withdrawal from West Bank
1996-2003 Al Qaeda US out of Arabian Peninsula Complete withdrawal
2000- Chechen Rebels Russia out of Chechnya TBD
2003- Al Qaeda, various US out of Iraq TBD
49
Analysis of Religious Terrorism

• Religious fanaticism and technology
• Terrorists behave differently from regular
  criminals, religious terrorists behave
  differently from political terrorists
• Religious terrorists are not constrained by the
  same factors that inhibit other types of
  terrorists

50
Analysis of Religious Terrorism

• Holy Terror vs. Secular Terror
• Secular terrorists operate within a dominant
  political and cultural framework
• Secular terrorists would rather make allies than
  indiscriminately kill their enemies
• Holy terrorists see the world as a battlefield
  between the forces of light and darkness
• Holy terrorists see killing as a sacramental act.
  Examples can be found in
• The Koran
• Christian Old Testament
• Hebrew Bible

51
Analysis of Religious Terrorism

• True believers
• Religious terrorists dismiss the religious views
  of others
• When a person becomes a true believer and a
  religious doctrine sanctions the use of violence,
  deified terrorism results, that is, the act of
  terrorism itself is made sacred and holy

52
Analysis of Religious Terrorism

• Other dangerous trends in holy terror
• Religious terrorists are not utilitarian that
  is, they are not a person seeking the greatest
  amount of good for the greatest number of people.
  Religious terrorist seek the greatest good for
  themselves
• Religious terrorists demonize their enemies that
  is, they equate their enemies with the ultimate
  source of evil

53
The Social Characteristics of Terrorists
Juergensmeyers Terror in Gods Mind

• Holy warriors
• The call to violence is a call to purify the
  world from the nonbeliever and the incorrect
  interpreters of tradition in a holy war
• Those who do not stand with the holy warrior are
  evil
• If the holy warrior falls, the warrior becomes a
  martyr for hope if the holy warrior is
  successful, it is a victory for the deity

54
After the Sept 11 attacks

• The clash of civilizations theory suddenly
  gained new prominence in the west
• Originally put forward by Bernard Lewis, an
  American historian of the Middle East in 1990.
• Expanded and given prominence by Samuel
  Huntington of Harvard University in an article in
  Foreign Affairs, later expanded into a book.

55

• Bernard Lewis Islam an ancient rival against
  our Judeo-Christian heritage.
• Traces the rivalry back to the time of the
  Islamic invasion of Spain, the western Crusades,
  the Ottoman invasion of eastern and central
  Europe, and the European defeat of the Ottomans
  after WW1.
• The Muslim has suffered succesive stages of
  defeat.It was too much to endure, and the
  outbreak of rage against these alien, infidel and
  incomprehensible forces that subverted his
  dominance.was inevitable.

56

• Bernard Lewis ideas have influenced important
  members of the Bush administration, including
  vice president Cheney
• Their assumptions
• Islamic societies are fundamentally anti
  democratic and repressive.
• Islamists are resentful and hate the freedom and
  liberty they see in the US, and want to destroy
  it.
• If Islam and the west are to live together,
  Islamic countries need to be democratized and
  modernised this is the project in Iraq.

57
Huntingtons thesis

• The fundamental source of conflict..will not be
  primarily ideological or economic. The great
  divisions among humankind will be cultural.
• The fault lines between civilizations will be
  the battle lines of the future.
• He divides the world into seven or eight major
  civilizations Western, Confucian, Japanese,
  Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American.
• Huntington saw the main source of conflict in the
  world as being between western and Islamic
  civilization

58
Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations and
Espositos Response

• Huntingtons Thesis
• International peace will be threatened in torn
  countries. These are regions where more than one
  civilization exists within an area
• John Esposito
• Disagrees with Huntington on Two Levels
• Culture or civilization is defined by more than
  religion
• There is no Islamic civilization

59
Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations and
Espositos Response

• Daniel Pipes
• When looking at Islam, the major clash is not
  between civilizations, but rather within Islamic
  civilization
• Thomas Barnett
• Believes Huntingtons clash comes between
  economic rather than cultural civilizations

60
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61
Islamic extremists too believe in a clash of
civilization

• The West and Islam will constantly be
  enemiesIslam must win and westerners will be
  destroyed. But we dont have to make then enemies
  if they allow Islam to continue to grow so that
  in the end they will probably agree to be under
  Islam. If they refuse to be under Islam there
  will be chaos. If they want to have peace, they
  have to accept to be governed by Islam. Abu-Bakr
  Bashir, head of Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia.

62
Huntingtons and Lewis ideas have been
vigorously criticised

• Confuses the thinking of a small Islamic
  fundamentalist fringe, with the majority of
  Muslims
• Does not distinguish between Arab Muslims and non
  Arab Muslims
• Are civilizations that distinct and are they
  based on religion?

63
Know Your Enemy
If you know yourself but do not know your
enemy, you will sometimes meet with victory,
sometimes with defeat. If you know your enemy but
do not know yourself, you will sometimes meet
with victory, sometimes with defeat. But if you
know yourself and you know your enemy, you will
be victorious on a hundred occasions. Sun-Tsu (T
he Art of War)
Muslims look forward to death the way Americans
look forward to life. Osama bin Laden (Islamic
Terrorist)
64
Global War on Terrorism--Who is the enemy?

• The enemy consists of various extremist Islamic
  groups that espouse the use of violence to
  achieve their ideological aims al Qaida being
  the most dangerous. Characteristics are
• No state, no uniform, lives among the population
• Believes religion is under attack and calls upon
  Muslims to defend Islam
• Even support by 1 of the Muslim population would
  equate to over 12 million enemies
• While we may view his beliefs as dangerously
  misguided.
• He is absolutely committed to his cause
• His religious ideology successfully attracts
  recruits
• He has a sufficient population base from which to
  protract the conflict

65
Terms

• This briefing refers to ISLAM and ISLAMIC to
  refer generally to the broad range of religious,
  cultural and socio-economic values and
  assumptions that are shared among the diverse
  adherents to the Islamic faith.
• This briefing refers to ISLAMISTS (Islamic
  Fundamentalists, Fundamentalists,
  Extremists) ) and requires that these terms be
  understood to refer to those Islamic extremists
  who have, by their words and actions, defined
  themselves as the enemies of all that is NOT in
  agreement with their view and are currently
  executing a violent campaign against those who do
  not share their agenda primarily the U.S. This
  term does NOT refer to all Muslims nor Muslims
  of any particular denomination or sect of the
  broader religion of Islam. It refers ONLY to
  those Muslim extremists who are engaged in using
  violent means to expand the influence of their
  particular view of Islam. Some of these
  religious, and socio-political views are shared
  among most or even all Muslims. However, those
  views which have motivated Islamist,
  Fundamentalist Extremists to violent action are
  generally shared ONLY by those groups.
• JIHAD is an Arabic term that is used for any
  struggle INCLUDING warfare. It is frequently
  interpreted in a religious context as Holy War
  but CAN mean struggle as in a struggle to
  overcome a personal limitation or a struggle to
  understand a new point of view.
• JIHADI is one who struggles or fights. In the
  context of a religiously inspired Holy War, a
  Jihadi is a Holy Warrior.

66
Islam Today????

• Islam (modernists, traditionalists and orthodox
  80-85?)
• Ancient religion of 1.5 billion people
• Diversity of beliefs, practices, and politics
• Islamism (salafi Islam, fundamentalism) (15-20?)
• Islam must have political power and a state
• Response to European colonialism
• Modernism and the turn to Islam
• But no unanimity about democracy
• Jihadism (salafiyya jihadiyya) (lt1?)
• Extremist version of Islamism
• No gradual implementation or political process
• Only violence can recreate an idealized Islamic
  state called the Caliphate

67
Historical Perspective I

• Islam spread very quickly by conversion and by
  developing empire.
• Mohammed was at once a prophet, religious leader,
  military leader, and government head.
• Crusades were a direct attack on this empire that
  included many lands outside of the Middle East.
  Focus is on Christian atrocities.

68
Historical Perspective II

• Place of Christians and Jews in the early Islamic
  State and Mohammed's last wishes.
• Holy Land is for Muslims only Arabia, Medina,
  Mecca
• With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the
  Caliphate (Islamic Leader) ended (1924).

69
The Al Qaeda Manual I
After the fall of our orthodox caliphates on
March 3, 1924 and after expelling the
colonialists, our Islamic nation was afflicted
with apostate rulers who took over in the Moslem
nation. These .rulers turned out to be more
infidel and criminal than the colonialists
themselves.
70
Al Qaeda Manual II
Colonialism and its followers, the apostate
rulers, then started to openly erect crusader
centers, societies, and organizations like
Masonic Lodges, Lions and Rotary clubs, and
foreign schools. They aimed at producing a wasted
generation that pursued everything that is
western and produced rulers, ministers, leaders,
physicians, engineers, businessmen, politicians,
journalists, and information specialists.
71
Some general things to consider

• Many in the Mid-East see the West as the cause of
  many of their problems.
• We (USA) are now THE representative of the West.
• Even though the Mid-East is rich in oil, the
  average person is not rich. Many dictators and
  kings have become rich while their people have
  suffered. Guess who helped to put many of these
  people into power???
• These monarchs and dictators have used brutality
  and violence to keep their own people in line.
• Education is very limited. Even those that are
  educated are not allowed/encouraged free thought.
  (Women)
• Even educated men have a hard time finding jobs
  in many Mid-Eastern countries. Lack of economic
  opportunities leads to anger.
• Many religious schools teach students to recite
  the Koran, but not what it means. (Arabic)
• Many view themselves as Muslim first, a citizen
  of their country second!
• Islam is a multinational and multiracial
  religion. Only a small minority of Muslims are
  Arab.
• Radicals like bin Laden and others see this as a
  holy war, a literal battle for world domination.
  Many radicals have the attitude convert, or
  die.
• People like bin Laden represent a small, but
  growing, minority of the 1 billion worldwide
  Muslims.

72
Problems with Islam today

• No Church hierarchy. (Pope)
• No official Islamic Doctrine
• Teachings based on various Imams. Some very
  radical.
• Much illiteracy.
• Since most Muslims arent Arab, and the word of
  God is only revealed in Arabic, it makes sense
  that most Muslims dont know what the Koran says.
  Therefore they rely on the interpretation of the
  imams.
• Every Muslim who passes away without a gun in
  his hand faces Allah with the sins of abandoning
  fight I strongly believe that there is no
  difference between who does not fight , and he
  who does not fast, pray or pay zakat (tithe). I
  believe no Muslim is excused from abandoning
  Jihad. Shaykh Azzam

73
Worldview

• Jewish Conspiracy
• Banking
• Influence/Pulling the strings
• US World Position
• Leader and therefore responsible regardless of
  proof
• Support of Israel
• The Final Proof
• (How many Arab countries have accepted the right
  of Israel to exist at all?)

74
Globalization

• Forcing a secular western culture on a
  traditional Islamic culture
• Extolling music, morals, sex, values and
  materialism
• Importing to them low paying jobs.

75

The Impact of Islamist Worlds Economics
Socio-demographics

• The Appeal to A Dangerous Socio-Political Element
• The Poor
• The Politically Disenfranchised
• The Youth Bulge

The Corrupted and Apostate Rich
The Virtuous Poor
TP525-2-60, pp 30, 36
76
Role of Islam in Society

• In the Islamic system of values and from the
  point of view of Muslim fundamentalists, religion
  cannot be separated from any aspect of life.
• Religion is omnipresent in every aspect of a
  Muslim individual's private and social life from
  the economy to social relations.
• What does harm to the society is not religion -
  it is the way in which some of the rulers take
  advantage of religion
• DR MEHDI KHAZALI, Iranian cleric

77
Understanding Islam Understanding Islam Understanding Islam
Islam Christian West
Role of religion for the believer The defining doctrine regulating all aspects of personal behavior, family, political and economic life. An expression of private personal belief.
78
Understanding Islam Understanding Islam Understanding Islam
Islam Christian West
View of government The world consists of one true faith divided into nations (Lewis, xx). There is no meaningful difference between political and religious communities. Dualism -- The world is split into two spheres, political (secular) and religious. Since the Enlightenment religion should not be too prominent in politics.
79
Understanding Islam Understanding Islam Understanding Islam
Islam Christian West
View of religion The Quran is a single book written by one man. There are no rituals, sacraments or ordinations that can only be performed by priests -- no mediation between man an God. The Bible is the work of numerous men over a considerable time. There is a religious caste (priests) who either mediate for believers or perform certain holy rites. The Church is an institution that preserves the dogma of the faith.
80
Understanding Islam Understanding Islam Understanding Islam
Islam Christian West
View of society There is a polity that carries out the necessary functions of civic life, but it is also founded on principles derived from the Quran. This mirrors the practice of Muhammad, who was both a prophet and a political leader, merging two traditions, the one authoritarian and quietest, the other radical and activist. (Lewis, 11) Society is a broad community of people in voluntary association who pursue common interests, preserve common ways of life and belief. Religion is only one of many factors that bind people together numerous social sub-structures also support and nourish civic life.
81
Understanding Islam Understanding Islam Understanding Islam
Islam Christian West
View of the individual The individual is bound by a strict duty to observe religious law, participate in the great evangelistic work of the faith, and defend the honor of Muhammad, the Muslim faith and all those who profess them. Individuals may choose to bind themselves to a religious faith, or to no religion at all. Individuals should respect each others rights.
most Muslim countries are still profoundly
Muslim in a way and in a sense that most
Christian countries are no longer Christian.
(Lewis, 16)
82
(No Transcript)
83
(No Transcript)
84
What is Islamism?

• Literalism of Quran to all of society
• Islamic world decline due to loss of religious
  observance and caliphate
• Moral and religious law enforcement
• Islamic state
• Western culture breeds materialism, atheism,
  selfishness, and decadence
• Separate from the west
• State of Israel is illegitimate and should be
  removed
• All Muslims should enroll in jihad to achieve
  these goals.
• Glorify martyrdom

85
Islamist Perceptions Motivations?

• How would YOU feel if this was Kansas City, MO.?

Baghdad, April 2003

• How would YOU feel if this was Cincinnati, OH?

• Are Islamist Motivations Different From Ours?

Baghdad, April 2003
86
Madrassas/Wahhabism

• Wahhabi 1750s reformer to an earlier purer
  Islam. Embraced and propagated by Saudi Arabia
  today in their education system home and abroad.
  Saudi Arabia Academy in Alexandria, VA.
• Unity of Religion, Government, Military
• Examples Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan
• Strong Fundamentalist Movements

87
Jihad

• Means Struggle.
• Jihad of the heart/soul is an inner struggle of
  good against evil in the mind.
• Jihad by the tongue is a struggle of good against
  evil waged by writing and speech.
• Jihad by the pen and knowledge is a struggle for
  good against evil through scholarly study of
  Islam.
• Jihad by the hand refers to a struggle of good
  against evil waged by actions or with one's
  wealth, such as going on the Hajj pilgrimage
  (seen as the best jihad for women), taking care
  of elderly parents, or political activity for
  furthering the cause of Islam.
• Jihad by the sword refers to qital fi sabilillah
  (armed fighting in the way of God, or holy war),
  the most common usage by Salafi Muslims and
  offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood.
• 5 Kinds of Jihad, but we mostly only hear about
  the last!

88
Joining the Jihad The conventional wisdom

• Do ideas cause people to join the jihad?
• People join terrorist organizations because they
  are
• Poor
• Broken family background
• Ignorant (uneducated)
• Immature young men
• No skills
• No family or job responsibility
• Weak minds, vulnerable to brainwashing
  (madrassas, family or direct appeal)
• Mentally ill
• Criminals
• Religious fanatics
• Evil

89
Joining the Jihad The evidence

• Based on 400 subjects
• 2/3 from solid upper or middle class background
• Vast majority from intact caring family
• 60 had some college education
• Average age was 26 years
• 3/4 were professional or semi-professional
• 3/4 were married most had children
• Half were religious children, only 13 were
  madrassa educated
• Only 1 had thought disorder (global base rate).
  Very little evidence of personality disorder.
• Only European 2nd generation, immigrants
  converts were petty criminal
• The vast majority was not religious in early
  adulthood.

90
Joining the jihad What really counts

• Alienated from society
• 70 expatriates
• 10 excluded second generation or immigrants
• Pre-existing social bonds
• Friendship 68 bunch of guys making alienated
  young Muslims into fanatics joining together
• Kinship 20
• Worship 10
• Discipleship 8
• Bottom up activity no top down recruitment
  program

91
Becoming an Islamist terrorist

• Upwardly geographically mobile people
• Mostly from religious caring middle class
  families
• International people, conversant in 3 or 4
  languages
• Skilled in computer technology
• Separated from traditional bonds culture
• Homesick, lonely, marginalized ? sought new
  friends
• Drifted to mosques for companionship, not
  religion
• Moved in together, formed cliques (Bunch of
  Guys)

92
Inside The Jihadi Mind
The Motivation of the Individual Jihadi

• Various and Complex
• Nothing to Lose
• Religious Duty
• Only Guarantee of Paradise

The Idyllic Future
The Brutal Present
93
Goals of Islamists and Jihadists
94
Objective 1 Expel America and Establish an
Islamic Authority in Iraq
Attacks against the West Continue

• America departs Iraq prior to sufficient Iraqi
  capacity to provide security.
• Insurgents step up attacks against the government
  and make religious claims for regime change.
• Extremists overthrow the democratic government of
  Iraq and replace it with a Taliban-like regime.
• United Nations issues a resolution, but does not
  commit to action.
• United States does not re-enter the conflict

Extremists now have an Emirate in Iraq that
serves as a base of operations from which they
can revive the Caliphate.
94
95
Objective 2 Extend the Jihad Wave to Neighboring
Countries
Attacks against the West Continue
Would Israel join the conflict?
Would the U.S. re-enter the conflict?

• Extremists export their message and terrorist
  acts throughout the middle east.
• Violence and extremist ideology undermine
  governments of Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
  Kuwait and Egypt.
• Moderate governments collapse Taliban-like
  regimes take their place.
• Baghdad becomes the capital of the Caliphate.

The revived Caliphate now turns its attention to
the destruction of Israel
95
96
Objective 3 Destroy Israel
Might nuclear weapons be employed?
Attacks against the West continue
At what point does the U.S. return to Middle
East? Allies?

• Attacks against Israel intensify.
• United Nations issues resolution to stand down.
• Caliphate gains support within the Muslim world
• Caliphate attacks Israel

Extremists now poised to re-establish the
historical Caliphate
96
97
Objective 4 Establish the historical Caliphate

• The Caliphate calls for an uprising within the
  remaining Islamic states to join the restoration.
• Remaining Islamic states collapse from within.

This would require the defeat of the U. S. how
could that happen?
98
Iraq has become the focus of the enemys effort.
If they win in Iraq, they have a base from which
to expand their terror
99
Significant militant Islamist attacks against
Americans
100
What was our response?

• We proved to the Middle East that we are weak.
• This, along with the defeat of the USSR in
  Afghanistan led to the rise of Al Qaeda.
• OBL considers America a paper tiger that would
  after a few blows run in defeat. (TOEE, 149.)
• OBL is quoted as saying that the Marine withdraw
  from Beirut signaled the decline of the American
  government and the weakness of the American
  soldier who is ready to wage cold wars and
  unprepared to fight long wars.

101
What is Al-Qaeda?

• Osama bin Laden led organization of radical
  Islamic terrorists
• Wahhabi sect of Islam
• Founded during Afghan resistance to USSR
• Funded in part by the US
• US support of Saudis and US troops in Saudi
  Arabia in Gulf War turned him against US
• Attacked US Embassies, USS Cole, 9/11 and more

102
Al Qaeda's World View (1)

• Islam in mortal danger from the West jihad a
  duty
• Recent events confirm al Qaeda's
  interpretation--Americans are the new Mongols
• U.S. troops still in Saudi Arabia
• U.S. remains in Afghanistan
• U.S. establishing bases in the Middle East, Gulf,
  Central and South Asia
• Pakistan, America's puppet, has abandoned true
  path to join the oppressors

103
Al Qaeda's World View (2)

• U.S. occupies Iraq, threatens Syria, Iran
• Palestine occupied--supported Zionists
• Western corruption threatens Muslim souls
• Jihad is the antidote
• U.S. is thus a threat and an opportunity--hostile
  to Islam, supports local tyrants, but also
  provides common enemy and basis for unity
• Action will awaken, demonstrate, instruct,
  inspire, bring about spiritual revival, foster
  unity
• A powerful message whose appeal thrives on
  failure, humiliation, and anger

104
Introduction to Al Qaeda Thought

• 12-12-2001 statement (Ayman al-Zawahiri)
• The need to inflict the maximum casualties
  against the opponent, for this is the language
  understood by the West, no matter how much time
  and effort such operations take.
• Tracking down the Americans and Jews is not
  impossible. Killing them with a single bullet, a
  stab, or a device made up of a popular mix of
  explosives, or hitting them with an iron rod is
  not impossible. Burning down their property with
  Molotov cocktails is not difficult. With the
  available means, small groups could prove to be a
  frightening horror for the Americans and Jews.

105
(No Transcript)
106
The ruling to kill the Americans and their
allies -- civilians and military -- is an
individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in
any country in which it is possible to do it, in
order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy
mosque Mecca from their grip, and in order for
their armies to move out of all the lands of
Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any
Muslim.
World Islamic Front Statement 23 Feb 1998 Jihad
Against Jews and Crusaders
107
This is in accordance with the words of Almighty
Allah, "and fight the pagans all together as they
fight you all together," and "fight them until
there is no more tumult or oppression, and there
prevail justice and faith in Allah."

World Islamic Front Statement 23 Feb 1998 Jihad
Against Jews and Crusaders
108
Past Terrorist Attacks by Al Qaeda

• February 26, 1993
• New York City, New York
• World Trade Center Bombing
• Kuwaiti man, Ramzi Yousef, and at least three
  other men planted a car bomb in the garage of
  the World Trade Center, hoping that the blast
  would topple one tower into the other as well as
  spread cyanide gas across town killing thousands.

109
Ramzi Yousef

• After being captured in Pakistan, he was flown
  into Stewart Airport in Newburgh, New York, and
  then transferred to an FBI helicopter for the
  trip to the Metropolitan Correctional Center next
  to Federal Plaza in Lower Manhattan. Two huge
  guys carried him off the plane, shackled and
  blindfolded After we got airborne and were
  flying down the Hudson River, one of the SWAT
  guys asks me, Can we take off his blindfold? It
  took Yousef a minute to focus his eyes.
  Ironically, the helicopter was alongside the
  World Trade Center. The SWAT guy gives him a
  nudge and says, You see, its still standing.
  And Yousef says, It wouldnt be if we had more
  money. (The Looming Tower, pg. 357. Emphasis
  Added)

110
1993 WTC Bombing

• Rationale Leader of a terrorist cell heeding
  the call of Jihad on the U.S.
• Result 6 people dead, 1000 injured, Towers
  stayed upright and the cyanide gas evaporated in
  the heat of the explosion.
• Ramzi Yousef was sentenced to life in prison on
  January 8, 1998

111
Past Terrorist Attacks

• August 7, 1998
• Kenya and Tanzania
• American Embassy Bombings
• Suicide bomb attacks at two different embassies
  hundreds of miles apart, but within minutes of
  each other.
• First recognized acts of Al Qaeda, a network of
  terrorists led and supported by Osama bin Laden,
  a Saudi Arabian millionaire.

112
Embassy Bombings

• Rationale Response to a call for Jihad on the
  U.S.
• Result 12 people dead, 224 injured
• Osama bin Laden became a recognized name and hit
  the FBIs Top Ten Most Wanted Men

113
Past Terrorist Attacks

• October 12, 2000
• Yemen naval port
• Bombing of the U.S.S. Cole
• Two men, later linked to Al Qaeda, sailed a small
  boat full of explosives next to the U.S.S. Cole,
  detonating the bomb.
• Leaving a 20 x 40 foot hole in the side of the
  ship.
• Rationale Goal was to sink the ship and lower
  U.S. morale
• Result 17 sailors dead, 39 injured
• No one has been held accountable, added to the
  list of grievances against and crimes of Osama
  bin Laden

114
1. The Events of 9/11
115
1. The Events of 9/11

• On a beautiful, clear day in September . . .
• Four planes hijacked three flown into office
  buildings in NYC and DC
• NYC attacks (2nd plane crash) shown on live
  television American attention riveted other tv
  shows replaced by 9/11 coverage
• All airplanes grounded schools closed sports
  cancelled
• WTC towers collapse, shown on live television
• Close coverage of whereabouts of Pres. Bush,
  other national leaders
• Lots of commentary and questions few informed
  answers lots of emotion, Congressional
  Representatives spontaneously singing patriotic
  songs on the steps of Capitol Hill

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116
2. The Psychological Impact of 9/11
117
2. The Psychological Impact

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Individuals who have been exposed to a traumatic
  event may experience at least one recurrent
  symptom related to the event (such as intrusive,
  repeated recollections or dreams of the event)
• Persistently avoids people, activities or places
  associated with the event
• Cannot recall important aspects of the trauma
• Shows disinterest in their usual daily activities
  and a sense of foreboding about the future
• Hyper arousal (difficulty in falling or staying
  asleep, outbursts of anger, hyper vigilance, an
  inability to concentrate, or exaggerated startle
  responses)
• May lead to significant impairment in social,
  occupational or other important areas of the
  individuals life

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118
2. The Psychological Impact

• Common Themes in the Research on 9/11
  Psychological Impact
• Living closer to the attack scene, direct
  personal loss, and children were more likely to
  exhibit symptoms of PTSD
• Sadness was the most frequent reaction among New
  Yorkers, followed by anxiety and fear
• Almost 20 of Americans across the country
  reported symptoms of distress
• constant news coverage, replays of video footage
  showing the second plane hitting the World Trade
  Center, helped all Americans feel closer to the
  event
• Americans did not withdraw from others
• Stress and uncertainty produces social behaviors
  people seek out others, perhaps to enhance social
  support, or to help to affirm ones cultural view
  of the world and the threat (Brandon Silke)
• Increased participation in religious services,
  memorials, vigils

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119
3. The Economic Impact of 9/11
120
3. The Economic Impact

• Confusion/Disagreement on Total Economic Impact

• NY City Economic Impact
• Total Loss 83 billion (NYC partnership
  Chamber of Commerce Nov 2001)
• Total Cost 54 billion (NY Governor Oct 2001)
• WTC Replacement Cost Cleanup 2529 billion
  (FEB NY April 2002)
• Total Cost 83 billion (quoting NYCP-COC) but
  67 billion covered by Insurance (US GAO May
  2002)
• NY City Jobs Lost
• 108,500, 115,300, 105,200, 125,000, 84,000,
  78,200, 129,000.

• NY State Jobs Lost
• 99,000 in 2001, 78,000 in 2002, 77,000 in 2003
  (NYS Senate Finance Committee DRI-WEFA January
  2002)
• Resulted at peak loss of 78,200 (DRI-WEFA
  March 2002)
• 50,000 immediately, 70,000 in 4th Quarter Much
  of this loss is likely linked to WTC attack
  (FEB NY April 2002)

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121
3. The Economic Impact

• Immediate and Short-Term Economic Impacts
• Financial Sector
• 40 of WTC casualties
• NYSE, NYME closed
• Aviation Sector
• planes grounded for a week or more
• 20 drop in passengers
• 100,000 jobs lost several airlines went bankrupt
• Insurance Sector
• loss of life and property estimated at 40-50
  billion

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122
3. The Economic Impact

• Immediate and Short-Term Economic Impacts
• Other industries were also badly affected, such
  as hotels, tourism, automobile rentals, travel
  agents, and civilian aircraft manufactures.
• Hotels reported higher vacancy rates and
  employment in the sector as a whole fell by
  58,000 (about 3) in October and November, 2001
• Nearly 18,000 businesses were dislocated,
  disrupted or