Later Middle Ages- Wars and Growth of Nations

1
Later Middle Ages- Wars and Growth of Nations

• Mr. Kallusingh Topic 4

2
England 1066-1307 ad

• William of Normandy claimed control of England
  after Edward the confessor
• He had to defeat Harold of Wessex at the Battle
  of Hastings to maintain control
• William brought Feudalism to Europe, but made
  each lord loyal to the King, providing a
  foundation for a centralized government
• Had royal commissioners check every shire to
  ensure accuracy

3
England Continued

• Henry II increased royal authority by allowing
  vassals to pay fees instead of providing soldiers
  making soldiers loyal to the king
• Set up court system with a jury
• Common Law- was instituted by Edward I and was
  different from previous law systems as it allowed
  its meaning to change for the situation

4
France 977-1328AD

• Hugh Capet started the Capetian Dynasty which
  ruled France for more than 300 years
• Phillip II increased royal landholdings by
  conquering English areas
• Phillip IV increased royal power by taxing the
  clergy
• The Three Estates was a governing body made up of
  commoners, nobles, and clergy

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Capetian Dynasty
6
English Legal And constitutional history

• John I made the nobles pay harsh taxes leading to
  a confrontation and the Magna Carta
• Magna Carta was an agreement that made sure the
  king followed the rules
• Edward I divided the kings court into three
  branches Court of Exchequer(finances), Court of
  Common Pleas(trial for normal people), Court of
  Kings Bench (trial for king and govt)

7
English Legal And constitutional history continued

• Parliament is the beginning of representative
  government
• Nobles and the middle class got together to
  attack the king
• House of lords- nobles and clergy
• House of Commons- knights and burgesses

8
Cultural and Intellectual Achievements

• Education in the middle ages started in
  monasteries
• Between 1000 and 1200 AD four big Universities
  started Paris, Oxford, Bologna, and Salerno
• By 1400 Universities shared the same programs
  Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate

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Cultural and Intellectual Achievements continued

• Vernacular literature comes from the way people
  speak
• Scholasticism is an attempt to bring faith and
  reason together
• Romanesque is arches, domes, and vaults
• Gothic is pointed arches, tall spires, high
  walls, stained glass windows

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Growth of the modern economy

• As trade began to revive towns grew as well, most
  people traded to make money
• Guilds were groups of people that did the same
  thing in town and had rules and rights, trading
  guild or craft guild
• Guild members and Master workers became the
  middle class

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Growth of the modern economy continued

• Bourgeoisie was the middle class people in
  France- merchants, manufacturers, doctors, and
  lawyers
• Market economy land, labor, and capital are
  controlled by people--- this is the basis for our
  capitalist economy

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The Transition YearsThe hundred Years war
1337-1453

• When the last Capetian King died the Hundred
  years war started between England and France
  between Edward III (ENG) and Phillip VI (FRA)
• The English used long Bows to shoot 200 feet
• The French used knights on horses
• Both sides used gunpowder for cannons
• French suffered more because the war was in France

13
The Hundred Years War 1337-1453

• During the war people in France fought each other
  for control of the throne in 1429 Charles VII won
  with the help of Joan of Arc
• Due to the war French Kings became more powerful
  like Louis XI, who made an efficient government
  that had harsh taxes

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The transition years

• The Black Death 1347-1351 killed around 25
  million people in Europe, spread in dirty cities
  by rats and fleas
• Great Schism of 1378 occurred when pope Gregory
  XI died and the Church elected two popes, this
  lasted till 1417

15
Ferdinand and Isabella

• They took control of Spain 1479 uniting it for
  the first time
• In 1492 they ordered all Jews and Moors to
  convert to Christianity or leave Spain, this hurt
  Spanish in industry and trade