Latino%20Immigrants%20and%20Refugees%20%20by:%20Andria%20Henrie

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Latino Immigrants and RefugeesbyAndria
Henrie
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Introduction

• As part of my presentation I am going to have you
  watch this slide show as if you are taking a high
  school history class. You will read in the notes
  section exactly what I would say to my class.
• My lesson plan
• Welcome and instructions
• Note taking from power point presentation
• After taking notes start
• Episode 1 Foreigners in their own land PBS Video
  Latino Americans

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A look at Latino's in history

• Many people have this popular vision of Latinos
  as people who arrived the day before yesterday.
  But when you think about the first European
  settlement in what would become the United
  States, it's St. Augustine, in 1565. That
  predates Jamestown in 1607, by almost 40 years.
  The first European language spoken, in what would
  become the United States, it's Spanish.
• Vicki Ruiz, Chicano Scholar and historian.
• Foreigners in their own land, Latino Americans
• PBS Special Latino Americans Episode 1

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Vaqueras/Cowgirls

• Cowgirls/Vaqueras.
• Circa early 1900s. Courtesy
• of Ocampo Family Collection.
• Department of archives and manuscripts,
• Arizona State University, Tempe.

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Famous Latino/Latina Voices

• Apolinaria Lorenana
• Captain Nepomuceno Seguin
• Mariano Vallejo
• Carlos Juan Finlay

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Apolinaria Lorenzana (La Beata, the Pious one)
1790-1884

• Apolinaria was seven years old and an orphan when
  sent by the Spanish Colonial Government of Mexico
  to help populate to the farthest reaches of it's
  American Empire. Apolinaria has said that when
  the group of twenty two orphan girls reached the
  capital at Monterey, the government gave them all
  away like puppies to the local residents. All of
  the orphans were given the last name Lorenzana,
  which was the last name of their benefactor the
  Arch Bishop of Toledo. Alpolinaria later became
  known as Apolinaria la Cuna. By the time that she
  had settle in Montery the Spanish had dominated
  the New World for over three centuries. By 1808,
  Apolinaria had reached her teenage years and
  brought to Mission, San Diego, it was the first
  Mission founded by Spanish Priests. As a young
  child in Mexico she was taught to read, however
  she had always wanted to learn to write. When she
  was a young girl she taught herself to write by
  copying letters from various books. She would
  practice on any piece of paper she could find,
  even old cigarette wrappings.
• She was largely responsible of a school owned by
  a Californio widow's where children were taught
  various skills, such as reading, writing, cooking
  and sewing. Apolinaria never married, but was a
  god parent to numerous children.
• Apolinaria Lorenzana
• (La Beata, the Pious one) 1790-1884
• Page 2

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Apolinaria Lorenzana

• Apolinaria was the recipient of two government
  land grants, Santa Clara de Jamacha in 1840 and
  Buena Esperanza de los Coches in 1843. She was a
  sponsor to close to 200 children both
  Californio's and Indian children. She was given
  quite a few responsibilities from teacher,
  seamstress, supervising the sick, training women
  to wash and sew the church linens. She had the
  authority to select goods that were not included
  on lists from the missionaries. She also played a
  role in helping to transform the indigenous
  population of San Diego area into Spanish
  subjects. One of her greatest grievance was
  associated with the arrival of US Troops. Not
  only was she a witness to American invasion but
  she also suffered the fate of many Californios as
  a consequence of American domination, she had
  lost her land.
• At the end of her life, she was nearly blind and
  knew she didn't have much time left, Apolinaria
  shared her memories with Thomas Savage an
  American Historian. In the end of her life she
  was blind, penniless and a charge of the country.
  She is remembered as a true example of the high
  level of authority and respect achieved by some
  mixed-race women of the Caliornia Frontier.
• Lorenzana, Apolinaria, 1878. Memories de dona
  Apolinaria Lorenzana La Beata dictadas por ella
  en Sanda Barbara en marzo de 1878 a Thomas
  Savage, Bancroft Library.

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Captain Juan Nepomuceno Seguin 1806-1890

• Juan Seguín was born in San Antonio, and married
  the daughter of one of the area's wealthiest
  ranching families. They had ten children. He held
  a variety of regional political positions until
  becoming involved in the military, supporting the
  Federalist government in 1835.
• Seguín was a strong supporter of the federalist
  principles which Santa Anna betrayed. A man more
  of action than words, he organized a company of
  Tejano soldiers that would play an invaluable
  role in the Texan cause. Seguín's Tejano unit
  fought bravely at the Battle of San Jacinto, and
  followed the defeated Centralist to the Rio
  Grande, ensuring their departure.
• A thoughtful and literate man, Seguín kept
  careful memoirs of the events at San Jacinto. In
  the Personal Memoirs of John N. Seguín, he
  recalled the gallantry and passion with which his
  unit fought. Indeed, the service of Tejano troops
  was indispensable throughout the revolution.
• Seguín served his country in a number of
  political roles including Congressman and
  Senator, and as the Mayor of San Antonio (two
  consecutive terms). Caught in escalating tensions
  between Mexican and Anglo Texans, he was
  eventually incriminated in a Mexican plot to
  re-take San Antonio.
• He fled his beloved homeland for Mexico where he
  tried to build a new life for his family. During
  the Mexican War, he was forced by the Mexican
  government to take up arms against the United
  States. He returned to Texas as soon as possible,
  where he continued his political service.
• Seguín died in Nuevo Laredo in 1890. His remains
  were returned to Texas in 1974, and buried at
  Seguin, the town named in his honor.
• "San Jancinto Museum of History." San Jacinto
  Museum of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890

• If he was not actually the founder of
  California's diversity, Vallejo was certainly
  one of it's chief architects

July 4, 1807. The eighth of thirteen children.
1822 - 1826. Vallejo served as personal secretary
to Governor Arguello entered military service as
a cadet at Monterey and became a member of the
territorial legislature. 1829. Vallejo defeated
a large force of Miwok Indians at Indian Mission
Estanislao 1832. He married Francisca Benicia
Carrillo after waiting two years for official
approval. They were to become the parents of 16
children and at least two adopted children
(Vallejo's illegitimate children). His land
acreage (175,000 acres) was comprised of gifts,
purchases, and awards for services or debts owned
him. 1833. Vallejo became Military Commandant
of the San Francisco Presidio "Sonoma State
University." Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo North
Bay Regional Special Collections SSU
Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.
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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890

"Sonoma State University." Mariano
Guadalupe Vallejo North Bay Regional
Special Collections SSU Library. N.p., n.d.
Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

• 1834. At his own expense, he outfitted and fed
  the Mexican troops at Sonoma for the next ten
  years. He began building his new home, La Casa
  Grande, on the Sonoma plaza
• 1835. Vallejo became director of colonization
  (the only person empowered to grant land) in the
  Northern frontier.

June 10, 1846. Bear Flag Revolt. Vallejo was
arrested in his own home by American
frontiersmen. After signing articles of
capitulation, Mariano and his brother Salvador
(and others) were jailed for two months at
Sutter's Fort. The Bear Flag was raised at
Sonoma, signifying the separate Republic of
California. Less than a month later it was
replaced with the Stars and Stripes. Vallejo's
health was seriously jeopardized during
imprisonment and much of his property stolen.
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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890

• 1849. Vallejo was a delegate to the state
  constitutional convention and elected state
  senator. At the convention he promoted
  permitting Indians to vote, making slavery
  illegal in California, allowing wives to hold
  separate property, both real and personal.
• Vallejo became an honored guest or speaker at
  most public events but declined an offer to run
  for Lt. Governor he visited native Californios
  and collected their reminiscences for Hubert H.
  Bancroft he learned sign language so that he
  could communicate with students at a school for
  the handicapped and he commissioned artists,
  such as, Oriana Day, to depict California history
  and the mission era.
• Bottom left hand photo is Vallejo with his
  daughters.
  Bottom Right hand photo is Vallejo with wife
  Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo.
• "Sonoma State University." Mariano Guadalupe
  Vallejo North Bay Regional Special
  Collections SSU Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 16
  Mar. 2014.

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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890If he was
not actually the founder of California's
diversity, Vallejo was certainly one of it's
chief architects
1855. Vallejo is granted only 48,700 of the
117,875 in claims against the US government for
damages incurred during the war with Mexico.
Meanwhile his lands were occupied by squatters,
some milking his cows in the middle of the night!
To make financial ends meet, his wife, Francisca
sold produce to local hotel. Most income would
come from the water company that supplied
Sonoma. 1866. Vallejo lost ownership of his home
in Sonoma and had to pay rent to remain. Several
years later, son-in-law John Frisbie, Vallejo's
power of attorney and manager of Vallejo's funds,
purchased Lachryma Montis and deeded it to
Francisca. 1867. Vallejo's former home, La Casa
Grande, burned to the ground, taking with it his
original five-volume manuscript, History of
California . January 18, 1890. Vallejo died at
Sonoma. His only remaining property was his home.
"Sonoma State University." Mariano Guadalupe
Vallejo North Bay Regional Special
Collections SSU Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 16
Mar. 2014.

• Detail from a 19th century lithograph showing
  Lachryma Montis. (Bancroft Library, University of
  California Berkeley)
• 1850's. Vallejo donated a five square mile tract
  of land for development of a port at Benicia and
  donated 156 acres for a state capitol at Vallejo
  (originally proposed to be named "Eureka"). He
  offered 370,000 for construction of public
  buildings (including a university, governor's
  mansion, capitol building, orphanage, and insane
  asylum). The Vallejo family moved to a new home
  in Sonoma, Lachryma Montis (Tear of the Mountain)
• Carlos Juan Finlay 1833-1915

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Cuban Epidemiologist

• Carlos Juan Finlay solved the mystery of what
  caused yellow fever. This deadly disease had no
  known cure just over 100 years ago and killed
  thousands of people.
• In 1881, he discovered that mosquitoes spread
  yellow fever, but he could not prove it. Other
  scientist did not believe him and made fun of him
  calling him the mosquito man. Eventually, because
  of the work that Finaly and Walter Reed, another
  important physician, scientists were able to
  develop a vaccine using diseased mosquitoes and
  conquer this disease.
• Finlay was appointed chief of sanitation officer
  of Cuba (1902-09), and after his death the Finlay
  institute for investigations in Tropical medicine
  was created in his honor by the Cuban government.
• The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Carlos
  J. Finlay (Cuban Physician)." Encyclopedia
  Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.
  Web. 16 Mar. 2014.
• Latinos in Utah

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Strike- breakers and Agricultural

• November 1912- Thousands of Mexicans, most of
  them single men, got off the train in Bingham,
  Utah. They had come to work in the Utah Copper
  mine as strikebreakers. Most were there to
  replace miners who were refusing to work until
  management improved working conditions and
  salaries. Most lived in boardinghouses and sent
  money back home to families. The striking miners
  despised them for working while they were
  striking. Most of them returned home when the
  strikes were over.
• In the early 20th century many Hispanic/Latinos
  came to San Juan County to work with sheep and
  other livestock. Many worked on the railroad.
  Sugar beet farming drew many Latino families to
  northern Utah, especially during World War I.
• Taking care of sugar beets is back-breaking work,
  from planting, to thinning, to weeding, to
  harvesting. Field workers labored long hours in
  the heat, bent over most of the day and they
  didn't get paid very well. Many pulled their
  children out of school to help work.
• When things got worse during the Great
  Depression, many more Latino workers and their
  families left Utah. For those who remained life
  was hard. On top of already low wages, falling
  prices of sugar beets, Utah experience a drought
  in the 1930s.
• In the picture to the right you see The Rogue
  Garcia Family in Montiello, Utah, in 1927.
• "Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d.
  Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

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Latinos in UtahRailroads and Mines

• Large numbers of Latino immigrants worked on the
  railroad or in the mines.
• Men called traqueros worked in crews that
  repaired the rail lines and helped with their
  upkeep. Some of their families lived in old rail
  cars that weren't being used anymore, next to or
  near the tracks.
• In Utah during the 1920s and 1930s Utah had set
  up their hiring and firing policies based on who
  was in the state first. So the earliest settlers
  were paid higher wages and were able to work for
  job with higher prestige. Then as different
  groups settled or moved to Utah they would take
  the lowest paying, and most dangerous jobs, such
  as mining, agriculture and railroads.
• This all came with a lot of resentment and racial
  prejudice, usually targeted at the last group
  through the door of Utah. So at this time, even
  though Utah once belonged to Mexico, one of the
  last groups to come in before the Depression was
  the Latinos, and they were the first to be fired.
• "Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d.
  Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Traqueros worked to maintain railroad tracks.
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Puerto Ricans

• The onset of World War II disrupted many Latino
  families in Utah. The army and navy drafted
  husbands and brothers in response, some Latinas
  and their daughters moved to Salt Lake City
  looking for jobs that allowed them to support
  their families. With the shortage of men in the
  state led government officials to recruit
  hundreds of Puerto Ricans from New York City.
  This group of Spanish-speaking people increased
  the diversity of the Latino population. Like the
  Mexicans of the 1910s, Puerto Ricans of the 1940s
  were mainly single males who left their families
  behind.
• Not accustomed to mine labor or to the
  intra-ethnic conflicts with Mexicans, Mexican
  Americans, and Spanish Americans, most Puerto
  Ricans left the state. Only ten Puerto Rican
  families settled down and remained in Utah. These
  families became very successful and were able to
  buy houses. A few became leaders of the civil
  rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s in Utah.
• In 1967 there were no more than ten Latino
  students at the University of Utah the majority
  of them lacked financial support and worked as
  busboys in sorority houses as janitors, as
  ditch-diggers, for the county or similar jobs.
  Mike Melendez, who was born in Bingham Canyon,
  later said that his parents only contributed five
  or ten dollars per month to his academic
  expenses. In spite of these barriers, Melendez
  graduated and became a minority adviser at the
  University of Utah. As an adviser, he was
  especially interested in recruiting Latinas. He
  believed education would be an asset to woman in
  case something happened to their husbands, and it
  was a good thing to pass on to children.
  Melendez's mother had been perhaps the first
  Latina to graduate from the University of Utah
  she obtained a nursing degree in 1942.
• Beehive History 25 Families. Salt Lake City, UT
  Utah State Historical Society, 1999. Print.

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Latina's in Utah

• Nominated as a Women of Charity, Edith Roblez
  Melendez, Prominent civic and community leader,
  particularly with regard to Hispanic concerns.
  Melendez was integral in the founding of Jordan
  School District Cultural Awareness as well as
  SOCIO (Spanish Organization for Community,
  Integrity, and Opportunity). She was also
  Outreach Director for the Utah State Food Stamp
  Program, adviser to the University of Utah
  College of Sciences program for Ethnic Affairs,
  and a member on the Governors Hispanic Council
  under Governor Scott Matheson.
• Nominated as a Women in the Arts, Ruby Chacon,
  Rising Utah artist most notable for her paintings
  of the Mexican family, particularly the stories
  and traditions of her multicultural background
  and -- in Chacón's words -- her experience as a
  Utahna, a Chicana, and an Artist. A graduate of
  the University of Utah, Chacón has been featured
  in many of the states most widely circulated
  newspapers, magazines, and books. She also has an
  extensive list of gallery shows and exhibitions
  in Utah, California, England, and Japan. Chacón
  was named one of Salt Lake Tribunes Utahns of
  the Year in 2006. She has also received the
  Governors Mansion Award and the Mayors Award,
  both for visual arts.
• Nominated as a Women of Charity, Maria L. Salazar
  y Trujillo, Lifelong advocate of foster children
  who personally mothered nearly 100 children,
  including some with severe behavioral problems,
  from the early 1950s until her death in 1987.
  Trujillo not only devoted her life to foster
  children, she also recruited other foster
  mothers. Trujillo was an active member of the
  Catholic Women's League and the Third Order of
  St. Francis. She was also involved in the early
  organization of La Morena Café, which provides
  food, fellowship, and job training to vulnerable
  citizens as well as funding for other outreach
  programs.
• Welch, Michele. "Utah Womens Walk." Utah Womens
  Walk. Honoring Women in Utah, n.d. Web. 16 Mar.
  2014.

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Summary

• This part of the summary is for me. I have
  learned more than I bargained for in doing this
  assignment. I could have added so many more pages
  about the wonderful and amazing Latino people.
  Researching about this culture has given me an
  insight that I needed in order to become a
  Multicultural teacher. I am going to be able to
  take away from this project not just knowledge
  but a new perspective of how differences can be
  made into a positive. After all of the research I
  did, the main feelings I have were of sadness,
  that we as humans feel we have a right to take
  land, voices, languages, heritage, and culture
  from certain people. You might notice that I had
  a little more information about Vallejo in my
  presentation. That was on purpose, I had watched
  a video about him and I couldn't help but feel
  the sadness he felt at being betrayed by people
  he thought were his allies. He had always
  considered himself a very hospitable person and
  could not imagine that anyone would want to take
  from he. He was a generous person who gave a lot
  to the community and the land that he loved. It
  never even entered his mind that the very people
  he was helping was the first to imprison him.
  Unfortunately, their story of heartache and
  betrayal was all too familiar. Through out
  history it seems, there are people who are the
  victors and people who are the victims. It is
  amazing that even today we have so many trying to
  fight for the exact same rights that is entitled
  to all, not just some!

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References and Resources

• Vicki Ruiz, Chicano Scholar and historian.
  Foreigners in their own land, Latino
  Americans,PBS Special Latino Americans Episode 1
• Department of archives and manuscripts, Arizona
  State University, Tempe.
• Lorenzana, Apolinaria, 1878. Memories de dona
  Apolinaria Lorenzana La Beata dictadas por ella
  en Sanda Barbara en marzo de 1878 a Thomas
  Savage, Bancroft Library.
• "San Jancinto Museum of History." San Jacinto
  Museum of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.
• "Sonoma State University." Mariano Guadalupe
  Vallejo North Bay Regional Special
  Collections SSU Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 16
  Mar. 2014.
• "Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d.
  Web. 16 Mar. 2014
• Beehive History 25 Families. Salt Lake City, UT
  Utah State Historical Society, 1999. Print.
• Welch, Michele. "Utah Womens Walk." Utah Womens
  Walk. Honoring Women in Utah, n.d. Web. 16 Mar.
  2014.
• PBS Latino Americans Episode 1 Foreigners in
  their own land
• PbS. org