GHSGT PREP Table of Content

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GHSGT PREP Table of Content

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Title: GHSGT PREP Table of Content

1
GHSGT PREPTable of Content

Tab 1 World Studies
Tab 2 U.S. History to 1877
Tab 3 U.S. History since 1877
Tab 4 Civic/Citizenship
Tab 5 Map and Globe Skills
Tab 6 Information Processing Skills

2
World Studies

The World Studies portion of the GHSGT will test
your knowledge over various people and events in
World History.

3
Part I World Studies

This portion of the World Studies review
presentation is a brief overview of Ancient
Civilizations through the Enlightenment (1700s).

4
AZTEC INDIANS

They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture.
-devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the
1520s.

5
INCA INDIANS

They were a South American Indian culture in
Peru.
-devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the
1530s.

6
RENAISSANCE

The word, Renaissance means, Rebirth.
The Renaissance was a rebirth of the classics of
ancient Greece Rome.
It began in Italy in the 14th c. (1300s).

7
SPAIN

-country that sponsored Christopher Columbus
voyage in 1492.
Ferdinand Isabella were monarchs.
In fourteen hundred and ninety two, Columbus
sailed the ocean blue.

8
JOHANN GUTENBERG

He introduced movable type (the printing press)
to Europe in the 15th Century (1455).
This was a faster less expensive way to copy
books.
First full-sized book printedgt Holy Bible

9
PROTESTANT REFORMATION

- begun by Martin Luther in 1517
- attacked the beliefs of the Catholic Church.
- resulted in a split in the Catholic Church
(Catholics Protestants)

10
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

This was the overthrow of James II of England in
1688, which gave Parliament control of the
government
-called Glorious because there was no
bloodshed.
William Mary take over the throne.

11
ENLIGHTENMENT

This was an 18th c. (1700s) intellectual
movement
Began in France.
Enlightenment thinkers, called philosophes
questioned accepted ways of thinking.

12
Part II World Studies

This portion of the World Studies review
presentation is a brief overview of the
Revolutionary Period (1700s) through the Post
WWII period (1900s).

13
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

This was the first successful colonial
independence movement against a European power
(England), 1775-1783.
Great Britain vs. American colonies

14
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

This was a revolution in France from 1789-1800
that was inspired by the American Revolution.
A bloody revolution where 1000s died on the
guillotine.

15
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

He was a military leader who took control of
France in 1800, establishing an empire over the
next two decades.
He was finally defeated at Waterloo, Belgium.

16
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

This was a series of economic and mechanical
changes beginning in Great Britain in the 1700s
and spreading to the rest of the world in the
18th to 20th centuries.

17
KARL MARX

This was a German socialist best known for
writing The Communist Manifesto in 1848.
He is known as the father of Communism.

18
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

This Islamic empire was finally dismantled after
World War I (became Turkey).
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
were the losers in WW I.

19
GERMANY

This is the country that started WWII in Europe
in 1939 with its invasion of Poland.
Symbol of the Nazi Party was the swastika.

20
ADOLPH HITLER

This was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany
during World War II.
History blames him for the Holocaust!

21
BENITO MUSSOLINI

He was a leader of Italy during World War II and
ally to Adolph Hitler.
He created the first fascist state through the
use of terror and propaganda.
Il Duce

22
JAPAN

This was the last of the Axis Powers (Germany,
Italy, and Japan) to surrender in WWII.
It was the target of atomic warfare in 1945
(Hiroshima and Nagasaki).

23
GANDHI

This was the leader of the Indian independence
movement in the mid-20th century.
known for his nonviolent protests.
Martin Luther King, Jr. studied his work.

24
MAO ZEDONG

This was the leader of the 20th century Communist
revolution in China.

25
COLD WAR

- name given to the relations between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union following WWII (second half
of the 20th century)
Resulted in the buildup of nuclear weapons.

26
NATO

-an international organization created by the
U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by
the Soviet Union.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

27
UNITED NATIONS

-an international organization created following
WWII to provide a way to negotiate disputes.
The point was to make countries talk before
fighting.

28
APARTHEID

This was a name given to the racial
discrimination policies in South Africa through
most of the 20th century (1900s).

29
U.S. History to 1877

This portion of the U.S. History review is a
brief overview of colonization through
Reconstruction.

30
Aztecs

They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture that was
devastated by Cortez and
the Spanish in the 1520s.

31
INCA INDIANS

They were a South American Indian culture that
was devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the
1530s.

32
Conquistadores

These are Spanish explorers who conquered native
American cultures.

33
Encomienda

This was the system by which the Spanish
government rewarded
its governors in the Americas with title to land
and permission
to enslave any natives living on that land.

34
St. Augustine

This was the oldest continually occupied European
settlement in North America. It was founded on
August 28, 1565, by the Spanish.

35
Columbian Exchange

This was the enormously widespread transfer of
agricultural
goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
that occurred after 1492.

36
Jamestown

This was the first permanent English colony in
the New World.

37
John Smith

He was an English soldier and sailor, who is now
remembered for helping to establish
Jamestown, the first permanent English
colony in North America.

38
Headright System

This was the system sponsored by English colonies
to grant land to the person who purchases passage
to the colony from Europe.

39
House of Burgesses

This was the first representative government in
North America located in Virginia.

40
Indentured servants

In U.S. History, this is the name for people who
were forced into labor for a certain period of
time in return for their paid passage to North
America.

41
Mayflower Compact

This was the first governing document of Plymouth
Colony,
signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.

42
Benjamin Franklin

This was a printer, scientist and inventor who
helped write both the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution.

43
Great Awakening

This was a religious revival that promised the
grace of God to all who could experience a desire
for it.

44
French And Indian War

Battles between France and England in the new
world resulting in the loss of all French
possessions.

45
Samuel Adams

This was an American revolutionary who led the
Boston Tea Party.

46
Sons of Liberty

This group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and
urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using
any means available even
violence.

47
Paul Revere

This was an American silversmith who warned of
the advance of the British on Lexington and
Concord.

48
Boston Tea Party

This was a political protest by Boston,
Massachusetts residents against the British
parliament partly in response to the 1765 stamp
act.

49
Mercantilism

This was the economic philosophy that control of
imports was the key to enhancing the health of a
nation and that Colonies existed to serve the
home country as a source of raw materials and a
market for manufactured goods.

50
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

Battles where first shots of the American
Revolution were fired

51
Second Continental Congress

Convened in May of 1775
Drafted Olive Branch Petition to avoid war with
Britain
Eventually declared independence over a year later

52
Valley Forge

Site of the headquarters of the Continental Army
under George Washington during the American
Revolution
Symbol of sacrifice

53
Saratoga

This battle marked the turning point in the
American Revolution because the French entered
the war on the side of the colonies

54
Treaty of Paris of 1783

This document formally ended the American
Revolution
Britain was forced to recognize American
independence

55
Articles of Confederation

First constitution of the United States
Established first government
Created in 1777

56
Northwest Ordinance

Major accomplishment of federal government under
Articles of Confederation
Provided a way to add more states to the union

57
John Locke

British philosopher who came up with idea of
social contract
Governments only purpose was to protect mans
natural rights

58
Shays Rebellion

Uprising of farmers in Massachusetts in 1786
Feared losing land due to taxes
Showed the weakness of the federal government

59
Philadelphia Convention

Meeting called in 1787 to AMEND the Articles of
Confederation
Instead WROTE our present constitution

60
James Madison

Author of the Virginia Plan at the constitutional
convention
Known as Father of Constitution because of his
journals

61
republic

Form of government run by elected leaders
Chosen as plan for United States government at
constitutional convention

62
Great Compromise

At the constitutional convention in 1787, this
deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey
Plan
Created bicameral Congress with one house based
on population and one on an equal number from
each state

63
Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the constitution
Written to protect individual against the federal
government

64
Federalist Papers

Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John Jay
Purpose was to persuade people of New York to
ratify the constitution

65
Alexander Hamilton

Founding Father
Author of Federalist Papers
First secretary of treasury and architect of our
first fiscal plan
Killed in duel with Aaron Burr

66
Protective tariff

Tax on imported goods
Designed to prevent domestic companies from
having to compete with foreign goods of lower
price

67
Excise tax

Tax added to certain items to raise money
Established by Alexander Hamilton
Excise tax on whiskey led to Whiskey Rebellion

68
XYZ Affair

Under John Adams, French demanded American
ambassadors pay tribute to see French diplomats
Almost led to war with France

69
Alien and Sedition Acts

passed under John Adams, these laws were supposed
to suppress opposition to the government
Serious violation of principles of free speech
spelled out in first amendment of Bill of Rights

70
Marbury v. Madison

This was the first decision of the Supreme Court
of the United States to declare an act of
Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the
doctrine of judicial review.

71
John Marshall

This was the great Chief Justice, he presided
over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was
remembered as the principal English colony in
North America.

72
Louisiana Purchase

1803, American acquisition from France of the
formerly Spanish region of Louisiana .
This was a territory in the western U.S. bought
from France for 15 million.

73
Lewis Clark

In 1803,, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana
Territory from France. This was a huge tract of
over 800,000 square miles, taking in nearly the
entire mid-section of North America from
present-day Texas and Louisiana up to Montana and
North Dakota. This almost doubled the size of the
new country.

74
Sacagawea

A near-legendary figure in the history of the
American West for her indispensible role on the
Lewis and Clark Expedition, Sacagawea has become
an enigma for historians seeking to trace her
later life.
She was the daughter of a Shoshone chief.

75
Impressments

This was the practice of the British Navy to stop
U.S. ships on the open ocean and force crewmen
into British naval service.

76
New Orleans

This was a Battle during the War of 1812 fought
after it ended, this paved the way for Andrew
Jackson to presidency.

77
Era of Good Feelings

181525) Period of U.S. national unity and
complacency. A Boston newspaper coined the term
in 1817 to describe a nation free from the
influence of European political and military
events.

78
Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on
December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers
should no longer colonize or interfere with the
affairs of the nations of the Americas

79
Spoils System

The spoils system involves political activity by
public employees in support of their party and
the employees' removal from office if their party
loses the election.

80
Suffrage

This is the right to vote.

81
National Road

It was known by several names the National Road,
the Cumberland Road and the National Pike. It was
the first federally sponsored highway and was
quite a feat for its day. In Europe there had
been. Construction on this began in 1811 and was
the first federally funded turnpike in the U.S.

82
Nullification

Nullification is a constitutional theory that
gives an individual state the right to declare
null and void any law passed by the United States
Congress which the state deems unacceptable and
unconstitutional.

83
Indian Removal Act

This granted tribes unsettled western prairie
land in exchange for their territories within
state borders, mainly in the Southeast.

84
Trail Of Tears

This was the forced migration of the Cherokee
Indians to Oklahoma in 1838-39.

85
Transcendentalism

American transcendentalism was an important
movement in philosophy and literature that
flourished during the early to middle years of
the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860).

86
Mormon Trail

This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois to Salt
Lake City Utah.

87
DOROTHEA DIX

This was a U.S. social reformer on behalf of the
mentally ill.

88
Susan B. Anthony

This was a Womens suffrage pioneer who also
urged for emancipation.

89
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

This was a U.S. social reformer and womens
suffrage leader.

90
Seneca Falls Declaration

This was crafted during a rally for womens
rights in upstate New York in 1848, and asserted
that women deserved the same rights as men,
rights which were guaranteed in both the
Declaration of Independence and the U.S.
Constitution.

91
Missouri Compromise

This was a congressional agreement of 1820
which included the admission of one free and one
slave state to maintain the balance of free and
slave states in the Union.

92
Nat Turner

He attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia
in 1838, and though it was unsuccessful (he was
executed for his violence), his actions
represented a change in tone in the abolition
movement

93
Abolitionists

People who fought for emancipation of the slaves
and to end the slave trade.

94
William Lloyd Garrison

This was a U.S. Journalist who founded the
radical newspaper The Liberator, and fought to
abolish slavery.

95
Frederick Douglass

This was a U.S. abolitionist who founded the
North Star.

96
Underground Railroad

This was a system of secret safe-houses and
hiding places to aid runaway slaves escape.

97
Harriet Beecher Stowe

This was a U.S. philanthropist who wrote Uncle
Toms Cabin.

98
Compromise of 1850

This was an agreement that California would be
admitted to the Union, the slave trade in the
District of Columbia would be restricted, and the
Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced.

99
Kansas-Nebraska Act

In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced this to the
Senate, to allow states to enter the Union with
or without slavery.

100
Dred Scott Decision

This was a 1857 Supreme Court decision that a
slave, because he was not a citizen, could not
sue for his freedom..

101
Border States

These were slave states which did not secede from
the Union prior to the US Civil War.

102
Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincolns order that all slaves who were
located in seceded states were to be freed.

103
Jefferson Davis

This politician from Mississippi was once
Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce,
thought he is more known for being the first and
only President of the Confederate States of
America.

104
Shermans March to the Sea

This was a military campaign embarked upon by the
United States Army in late 1864 which destroyed
property along a wide swath south from Atlanta to
the Atlantic Ocean in order to punish the
Confederates for starting the war.

105
Ulysses S. Grant

This Union General made a name for himself at the
siege at Vicksburg, though he later defeated
Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia to end
the Civil War.
He would later be the 18th President of the
United States (18691877).

106
Andrew Johnson

17th president of the U.S., clashed with Radical
Republicans over Reconstruction programs was
impeached, then acquitted in 1868 by one vote.

107
Black Codes

Special laws passed by southern state governments
immediately after the Civil War. They were
designed to control former slaves, and to subvert
the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.

108
Poll Tax

A special fee a person must pay in order to vote.
Used in the Post-Reconstruction South to deny
the right to vote to the newly freed slaves.

109
Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to separate blacks and whites which
were degrading to African Americans.

110
Ku Klux Klan

A secret society pledged to defend the social
and political superiority of the white race
against aggressions of an inferior race.

111
Carpetbaggers

An insulting nickname for a Northern Republican
who moved to the South after the Civil War. The
name references their inexpensive luggage.

112
Scalawags

Native white Southern politicians who joined the
Republican party after the war and advocated the
acceptance of and compliance with congressional
Reconstruction.

113
U.S. History since 1877

This portion of the U.S. History review is a
brief overview of the period from the Populist
Revolt through the present.

114
Thomas Edison

Known as the Wizard of Menlo Park, he is famous
for his hundred of inventions, including the
incandescent light bulb, phonograph, the
Dictaphone, and hundreds of others.

115
John D. Rockefeller

The New York industrialist who made hundreds of
millions of dollars in the 19th century with this
Standard Oil Company and pioneered the corporate
strategy of vertical integration.

116
Andrew Carnegie

This Scottish-born American industrialist made
his fortune in the steel industry.
He also was known for giving away millions of
dollars to charities at the end of the 19th
century.

117
Gospel of Wealth

This was the hypothesis that wealth was the great
end and aim of man, the one thing needful.

118
Monopoly

This is a when one company controls the market
for a certain product, there is no competition.

119
Antitrust

These are laws and regulations designed to
protect trade and commerce from unfair business
practices.
Sherman Antitrust Act

120
Robber Barons

American capitalists of the latter part of the
19th century who became wealthy through
exploitation (as of natural resources,
governmental influence, or low wage scales).
Rockefeller, Carnegie

121
Social Darwinism

This was the theory that people are subject to
natural selection and wealth was a sign of
superiority.

122
Nativism

In the late 19th century, this political and
social movement swept through the United States,
its followers believing that all people who were
not born in the U.S. and were of European
heritage should be banned from the country.

123
Chinese Exclusion Act

This law, passed in 1882, forbade any laborers
from China to enter the United States for 10
years. It was meant to protect U.S. jobs in the
expanding West, but its racial overtones were
symptoms of larger problems.

124
Urbanization

This is a rise in a society's city population.

125
Jane Addams

She was a founder of Hull House, a settlement
house that helped immigrants of the late 19th
century become acclimated to life in the United
States, and was a pioneer in the field of social
work.

126
Horatio Alger

This was a United States author of inspirational
adventure stories for boys virtue and hard work
overcome poverty.

127
Compromise of 1877

This was the solution to the contested
Presidential election of 1876 and furthermore
brought an end to the period of Reconstruction
following the Civil War.

128
Booker T. Washington

This was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became
perhaps the most prominent African American
leader of his time.

129
Plessy v. Ferguson

This was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that
established the legality of racial segregation so
long as facilities were separate but equal.

130
Manifest Destiny

The argument that God had ordained that United
States was destined to expand across the entire
continent of North America.

131
Gold Rush

The most important event to attract settlers west
was the discovery of gold at Sutters Mill,
California in 1849.

132
Oregon Trail

Overland trail linking Independence, Missouri and
Oregon which was used by many pioneers during the
1840s.

133
Homestead Act

Legislation passed in 1862 allowing any citizen
or applicant for citizenship over 21 years old
and head of a family to acquire 160 acres of
public land by living on it and cultivating it
for five years

134
Buffalo Soldiers

This is the nickname given to black soldiers with
the U.S. Cavalry who helped to spread the U.S.
westward in the decades following the Civil War.

135
George Custer

U.S. Cavalry General whose unwise and reckless
conduct got him and over 200 soldier of the
Seventh Cavalry killed at the Battle of Little
Big Horn

136
Ghost Dance

A Native American movement in the 1890s that
believed a ritualistic ceremony would result in
the reanimation of Indian dead and the defeat of
the white invaders into the West

137
Grangers

This was a group of American farmers who united
in the late 19th century to lobby Congress to
pass laws protecting them from unfair business
practices of large industry.

138
Populist

This was the movement that advocated state
control of railroads and currency expansion.

139
Open Door Policy

This is a U.S. foreign policy that all countries
should have equal access with China

140
Spanish American War

This was a conflict in which the U.S. gained
many island territories, especially Puerto Rico
and the Philippines.

141
Rough Riders

This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War
organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that
included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college
athletes.

142
Theodore Roosevelt

This was a 26th President of the United States
hero of the Spanish-American War Panama canal
was built during his administration said Speak
softly but carry a big stick (1858-1919). He was
considered by many to be the nation's first
conservation President.

143
Roosevelt Corollary

This policy reasserted the U.S. position as
protector of the Western Hemisphere.

144
Panama Canal

This connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
through Central America.

145
Dollar Diplomacy

These are international relations influenced by
economic considerations.

146
Muckrakers

This group of authors and journalists wrote of
horrible working conditions in American industry
in the early 20th century, resulting in more
governmental protection of workers.

147
Progressive Movement

This was a political reform movement in the late
19th and early 20th centuries to protect working
class citizens.

148
Square Deal

This was a Roosevelt's plans to help safeguard
the rights of workers.

149
Conservation Movement

This was an American invention of John Audubon
and others who wished to protect natural habitat
from man in the 19th century. They lobbied
consistently for parks and human exclusion from
the wild.

150
Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States led the
United States in World War I and secured the
formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924).

151
New Freedom

This was Woodrow Wilson's plan to break up
monopolies and regulate business.

152
Federal Reserve

This is the central banking authority in the
United States, which supervises commercial banks
by monitoring accounts and controlling interest
rates.

153
Sixteenth Amendment

This amendment made personal income tax
permanent..

154
Income Tax

This is a tax levied on net personal or business
income.

155
Seventeenth Amendment

This amendment provided for the direct election
of U.S. senators.

156
Nineteenth Amendment

This amendment gave women the right to vote.

157
Womens Suffrage

This was a movement to give females the right to
vote.

158
Isolationism

This is a policy of nonparticipation in
international affairs.

159
Lusitania

The sinking of this ship brought the U.S. into
WWI.

160
Zimmerman Note

Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an
ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with
the U.S.

161
Interventionism

This is a policy of advocating participation in
foreign countries affairs.

162
Eighteenth Amendment

Amendment prohibiting the sale and manufacture of
alcohol
21st amendment repealed this amendment

163
Prohibition

Outlawing the sale and manufacture of alcohol
Written into the constitution as the 18th
amendment
Ended by passage of 21st amendment

164
Gangsterism

Brought about by the passage of the 18th
amendment
Organized crime led by rival gangs
Al Capone was the most famous gangster of the
period

165
Red Scare

Period following World War I characterized by
widespread fear of communist takeover of the
United States
A second Red Scare occurred after World War II

166
Sacco and Vanzetti

Occurred in 1920s during height of Red Scare
Two Italian immigrants were found guilty of
murder
Victims of social and political prejudice

167
Flappers

Nickname given to women in the 1920s who wore
short dresses, short hair and partied like men
Threw off traditions of how women should behave

168
Scopes Trial

Famous case of 1920s
Came about because of teaching of evolution
Showed tension between traditionalists and
modernists

169
Charles Lindbergh

First man to fly solo non-stop across the
Atlantic
Flight occurred in 1927 in plane named The
Spirit of St. Louis
Became great hero

170
Harlem Renaissance

Period of artistic activity in New Yorks Harlem
district
Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong and others
gained national attention

171
Speculation

Making high risk investments in the hope of
achieving great gains
Many people speculated by buying stock in the
1920s

172
Babe Ruth

Known as the Sultan of Swat
Played for New York Yankees
Held home run record until 1974
Restored popularity to baseball after scandal of
World Series of 1919

173
Great Depression

Period of economic crisis lasting from 1929-1939
Worldwide in scope
Caused mainly by overproduction of the 1920s

174
Dust Bowl

Term given to area of Great Plains most affected
by Great Drought of 1930s
Many farmers of the area were forced to move to
California, as described in The Grapes of Wrath

175
Bonus Army

Group of veterans marched on Washington, D.C. in
1932 demanding bonuses for fighting in World War
I
Hoover sent in troops, making him seem very
unsympathetic

176
New Deal

Program for reviving the economy during the Great
Depression
Begun by Franklin Roosevelt
Made up of the three rs relief, recovery,
reform

177
WPA

Created as part of the New Deal to stimulate the
economy
Provided useful jobs for unemployed people to
preserve their self-respect

178
TVA

Created by Congress as one of the major public
works projects of the New Deal
Built a system of dams for hydroelectricity in
the south

179
Totalitarianism

A centralized government that does not allow
opposing political opinions
Has total control over lives of citizens
Rise of totalitarianism led to World War II

180
Adolf Hitler

Totalitarian leader of Germany during World War
II
His invasion of Poland in 1939 began World War II
Allied with Italy and Japan to form Axis nations

181
Holocaust

Act of genocide carried out by the German
government against the Jews under Hitler
Millions were tortured and killed

182
Blitzkrieg

Rapid attack method used by Germans in World War
II
Using this tactic, Hitler was able to take over
many countries very quickly

183
Winston Churchill

British prime minister during World War II
Along with Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin,
made up the Allied leaders

184
Pearl Harbor

U.S. naval base in Hawaii
Attacked by Japan unexpectedly on December 7,
1941
Caused U.S. to declare war on Japan

185
Allied Powers in World War II

Nations united in the fight against Germany,
Italy, and Japan in World War II
Major Allied Powers were Britain, the Soviet
Union, and the U.S.

186
Axis Powers

Alliance of nations that fought against the
Allied Powers in World War II
Made up of Germany, Italy, and Japan

187
Normandy Invasion

Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of
western Europe that began on June 6, 1944

188
Nüremburg War Trials

Nazi World War II criminals were tried during
these before an international tribunal

189
United Nations

This is an international organization created
following World War II to provide a way to
negotiate disputes.

190
Marshall Plan

Following World War II, this called for giving
away billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild
war-torn Europe, with the purpose of creating a
viable trading partner and post-war allies.

191
Cold War

This was a name given to the relations between
the U.S. the Soviet Union in the second half of
the 20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear
arms.

192
Berlin Airlift

This was a delivery of supplies in a German city
to circumvent the Soviet blockade

193
Truman Doctrine

This said that the United States would aid any
nation in resisting the growing threat of
communism and became the guiding force of
American foreign policy during the Cold War.

194
NATO

This is an international organization created by
the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent
attacks by the Soviet Union. ( North Atlantic
Treaty Organization).

195
Warsaw Pact

This was a military alliance between the Soviet
Union and the countries of Eastern Europe

196
McCarthyism

This was unscrupulously accusing people of
disloyalty to the United States (as by saying
they were Communists, usually with sketchy or no
evidence).

197
Korean War

This was a national conflict in an Asian country
aided by Russia in the North and the U.S. in the
South (1950-1953).

198
Douglas MacArthur

This was a United States general who served as
chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the
South Pacific during World War II he accepted
the surrender of Japan (1880-1964).

199
Dwight Eisenhower

This was a United States general who supervised
the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi
Germany 34th President of the United States
(1890-1961).

200
Brown v. Board of Education

This Supreme Court case, decided in 1954,
declared that the segregation doctrine of
separate but equal, was not Constitutional when
applied to the public school system.

201
NAACP

This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights
organization. Members of this have referred to it
as The National Association. The letters stands
for National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People.

202
John F. Kennedy

The 35th President of the United States, he was
known for authorizing the failed Bay of Pigs
invasion, successfully leading the country during
the Cuban Missile Crisis, and for being
assassinated while in Dallas, Texas, in November
of 1963.

203
Civil Rights Act of 1964

Signed into law by President Johnson, this bill
protected African Americans and women from job
discrimination and any discrimination in public
places.

204
Great Society

This is the name given to President Lyndon B.
Johnsons domestic programs, among them VISTA,
Job Corps, Head Start, the War on Poverty, and
the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

205
Malcolm X

Often associated with confrontational Civil
Rights protest, he was a leader in the Nation of
Islam in the United States, an early advocate of
Black Power, but became a more moderate voice
in the Civil Rights movement before his
assassination in 1965

206
Feminist Movement

This is the movement aimed at equal rights for
women.

207
Environmentalism

This is an advocacy for or work toward protecting
nature from destruction or pollution.

208
Pacifists

These are people opposed to violence to attain
end goals.

209
NAFTA

agreement signed in 1993 to reduce tariffs
between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

210
sun belt

This is the term given to states in the southern
and warmer parts of the country that saw a
tremendous increase in population and industry in
the years following World War II.

211
Civic/Citizenship

The following terms cover the basics of the
structure and function of government, the role of
the citizen, legal rights and responsibilities,
and Constitutional amendments.

212
SOVEREIGNTY

This is the absolute power of a government within
its own territory.

213
FEDERALISM

This system of government has powers divided
between the central government and regional
governments, with central government being
supreme.

214
LIMITED GOVERNMENT

This is a ruling body that is not all powerful,
but is restricted in what it may do by certain
rights guaranteed to the people which may not be
abolished or taken away from the people.

215
CHECKS AND BALANCES

This is the system of overlapping powers among
legislative, executive, and judicial branches to
allow each branch to oversee the actions of the
others.
The presidents veto power is an example of checks
and balances.

216
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

This is the belief that the ultimate power of the
government rests on the will of the people
themselves.

217
SEPARATION OF POWERS

This is the policy that the law making,
executive, and judicial powers be held by
different groups and people.

218
DUE PROCESS

This is a policy that the governments actions
towards its citizens must follow established
rules and procedures.

219
DIRECT DEMOCRACY

This is a system of government in which the
people participate directly in making all public
policy.

220
REPUBLIC

This is a form of government run by elected
officials.

221
EXCLUSIVE POWERS

These are powers that can only be executed by the
federal government.

222
DELEGATED POWERS

Powers specifically given to the government by
the Constitution. They are also called the
Enumerated Powers.

223
CONCURRENT POWERS

Powers that are held by both the federal and
state governments.

224
RESERVED POWERS

These are powers that are held for the states to
execute, not for the federal government.

225
ELASTIC CLAUSE

This is a statement in the Constitution granting
Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and
proper for carrying out the enumerated list of
powers.

226
POLICE POWERS

These are powers of a government to promote
safety, public health, and welfare of its
citizens.

227
IMPLIED POWERS

Powers that are not expressed but that the
government may be inferred to have from another
power.

228
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Legislative makes laws
Executive carries out or executes the laws
Judicial interprets what the law means

229
JURISDICTION

This is the authority of a court to hear a case.

230
JUDICIAL REVIEW

This is the power of a court to review a law or
an official act of a government employee or agent
for constitutionality or for the violation of
basic principles of justice.

231
ELECTIONS

Primary election-an election in which the
political parties choose their candidates to run
for office.
General election-this is an election in which the
people choose from among the candidates nominated
by the various political parties.

232
RECALL

This is the process the people use to remove an
elected official from office.

233
POLL TAX

This payment was meant to keep certain groups of
people (mainly former slaves and
African-Americans) from being allowed to vote.

234
LOBBYING

These are actions of an interest group or agents
to influence the policy of the government.

235
ALIEN

This is a person who is not a citizen of the
state or country in which they reside.

236
NATURALIZATION

This is the process by which one becomes a
citizen of a country if that person was not born
in that country or their parents were not
citizens of that country.

237
AMENDMENT PROCESS

This is a method by which the Constitution may be
changed or added to.
17th Direct Election of Senators
18th Prohibition of Alcohol
19th Womens Voting Rights

238
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
BILL OF RIGHTS

FirstFreedom of speech, assembly, religion, the
press and to petition the government
SecondThe right to bear arms
ThirdNo quartering of troops in homes except in
time of war
FourthNo search without a warrant
FifthDue process and protection of property

SixthTrial by jury
SeventhJury trial in civil cases
EighthNo cruel and unusual punishment
NinthRights not specifically mentioned in the
constitution should not be assumed not to exist
TenthRights of the states

239
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

11thSovereign immunity
12thElectoral college reform
13thSlavery abolished
14thEqual protection under law and due process
of law
15thRight to vote shall not be abridged because
of color or previous servitude

16thIncome Tax
17thElection of senators
18thProhibition
19thWomen's suffrage
20thTerms of office for president and Congress

240
Map and Globe Skills
241
GEOGRAPHY

This is the study of the earth, the people on it,
and the relationships between them

242
ABSOLUTE LOCATION

This is the exact location of a place on the
earths surface. It is given in terms of
latitude and longitude.

243
GRID

This is a pattern of regular sections identified
by numbers and letters to help locate objects on
a map.

244
LATITUDE or PARALLEL

These are lines on a map that tell distance north
or south of the Equator. They are horizontal on
most maps and globes

245
EQUATOR

This is zero degrees latitude and separates the
Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

246
NORTH POLE

This is 90 degrees North latitude.

247
LONGITUDE OR MERIDIAN

These are lines on a map or globe that tell
distance east or west of the prime meridian.

248
PRIME MERIDIAN

This is zero degrees longitude.

249
HEMISPHERE

This is one half of the earth.

250
GLOBE

This is the most accurate model of the earth.

251
PROJECTION

This is a technique of showing the round earth on
a flat piece of paper.

252
PHYSICAL MAP

This is a type of map that shows things like
rivers, mountains, relief and elevation.

253
POLITICAL MAP

This is a type of map which shows man-made
features like cities and national boundaries.

254
POPULATION DENSITY MAP

This is a type of map which shows the average
number of people living in a certain area.

255
CONTOUR MAP

This is a kind of map that uses lines connecting
areas of equal elevation.

256
RELIEF

This is the difference between the highest and
lowest points of land in an area.

257
ELEVATION

This is the height above or below elevation.

258
SEA LEVEL

This is the base height used for measuring
elevation.

259
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS/COMPASS ROSE

This is North, South, East, and West.
A compass rose is a map tool indicating the four
cardinal directions

260
LEGEND

This is the map tool that explains the meaning of
the maps symbols.

261
SCALE

This indicates the relationship between distance
on a map and the actual distance on Earth.

262
CONTINENTS

These are the seven large land masses on the
Earth.

263
ISTHMUS

This is a narrow strip of land connecting two
larger masses of land.

264
ARCHIPELAGO

This is a string of islands.

265
BAY

This is a body of water partially enclosed by
land but with a wide mouth, affording access to
the sea.

266
GULF

This is a large area of a sea or ocean partially
enclosed by land, especially a long landlocked
portion of sea opening through a strait.

267
CANAL

This is an artificial waterway or artificially
improved river used for travel, shipping or
irrigation.

268
STRAIT

This is a narrow channel joining two larger
bodies of water.

269
CLIMATE

These are the general weather conditions of an
area over a long period of time.

270
TEMPERATE ZONE

This is the part of the earth which lies between
either tropic and the corresponding polar circle.

271
TROPICS

This is either of two parallels of latitude on
the earth, one is 23 ½ degrees north of the
equator and the other is 23 ½ degrees south of
the equator. They are called the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

272
DESERT

This is a dry, often sandy region of little
rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse
vegetation.

273
ARID

This is a climate that has insufficient rainfall
to support trees or woody plants.

274
DYNASTY

This is a ruling family whose members govern one
after another over a long period of time.

275
EMPIRE

This is a group of countries under a single
authority.

276
REGION

This is an area with common characteristics on a
globe or map.

277
TIME ZONES

This is any of the 24 regions of the globe
throughout which the same standard time is used.

278
Information Processing Skills

This portion of the GHSGT will require you to
perform the following skills
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA
LOCATE INFORMATION
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION
INTERPRET GRAPHIC AIDS
COMPUTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIME ZONES
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
ANALYZE VIEWPOINTS
IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
Knowledge of the following terms will help you
perform these skills.

279
VIRGINIA STATUTE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

This was written by Thomas Jefferson in 1786. It
guarantees the freedom of religion. Freedom of
religion is one of the basic freedoms found in
the 1st amendment to the Constitution.

280
KINGS LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL

This was written in 1963 to defend the authors
peaceful civil rights campaign. Remember that
Dr. King was influenced by Gandhi.

281
ARTIFACT

This is any object manufactured, used or modified
by humans.

282
AUTHENTICITY

This is the ability to ensure that the given
information was in fact produced by the entity
whose name it carries and that it was not forged
or modified.

283
BIAS