The Progressive Reform Era (1890

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Presidents of the Progressive Era

• William McKinley
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Taft
• Woodrow Wilson

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How do you measure Progress in your life?

• How does a society or nation measure its progress?

• In what ways could our country make progress
  today?

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• Historians call the period from about 18901920
  the Progressive Era.

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Why did the Progressive Era Occur?

• Industrialization, Urbanization, and immigration
  brought many benefits to America.BUT
• The rapid growth also caused poverty,
  unemployment, horrible working conditions and
  political corruption.
• Many Progressives believed that political action
  and reform, not private charities, were the
  methods to bring about progress in society.

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A Monday Afternoon Washing, 107th Street, 1900
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Family in Attic Home, Drying Their Laundry, ca.
1900-1910
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Video America in the 20th Century Early
Voices of Reform
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The Progressives Their Goals and Beliefs

• Progressives were not a single unified movement.
  They fell into four categories
• Social
• Moral
• Economic
• Political

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Common Beliefs of Progressives

• 1.The Government should be more accountable to
  its citizens.
• 2.Government should curb the power and influence
  of wealthy interests
• 3.Government should be given expanded powers so
  that it could become more active in improving the
  lives of its citizen.
• 4.Governments should become more efficient and
  less corrupt so that they could competently
  handle an expanded role.

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Igniting Reform Writers, Journalists and
Muckrakers

• The ideas of many writers and journalists
  influenced public opinion about how to reform
  society.
• Journalists investigated and publicized
  conditions in certain industries, slums, tenement
  houses, and sweat shops.

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• Muckrakers
• Theodore Roosevelt called the journalists
  muckrakers. Roosevelt was concerned that
  exposing poverty and corruption could lead to
  rebellion.

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Lincoln Steffens

• Published stories about political corruption

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Jacob Riis

• Photographed pictures of urban slums

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Frank Norris and Upton Sinclair
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Video The Jungle A View of Industrial America

• Questions from the Video
• What role did journalists play in the Progressive
  Era?
• Which Progressive reforms do you think had the
  greatest effects on society?

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An Expanded Role for Government

• Progressives sought more social welfare programs
  to help ensure a minimum standard of living.
• Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were
  made at the municipal, or city, level.
• Some municipal reformers worked for home rule, a
  system that gives cities a limited degree of
  self-rule.
• Municipal reformers opposed the influence of
  political bosses.
• Reformers made efforts to take over city
  utilities such as water, gas, and electricity.
• Some reform mayors led movements for
  city-supported welfare services such as public
  baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds,
  kindergartens, and lodging houses for the
  homeless (settlement house).

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Video American in the 20th Century Progressive
Programs
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Theodore Roosevelt

• War hero, seasoned politician, and dedication
  reformers became president in 1901.
• He quickly pushed Congress to approve the Square
  Deal, a program of reform aimed at stopping the
  wealthy and powerful from dominating small
  business owners and the poor.

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Roosevelt's Square Deal

• Hepburn Act-limited what railroads could charge
  for shopping. This helped farmers in the West who
  had been at the mercy of the railroads.
• Meat Inspection Act-gave the government the power
  to inspect meat and meat-processing plants to
  ensure the meat was safe to eat.
• Pure Food and Drug Act-banned interstate shipment
  of impure food and the mislabeling of food and
  drugs.

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Roosevelt's Square Deal

• National Reclamation Act- gave the government the
  power to build and manage dams and to control
  where and how water was used.

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Video American in the 20th Century
Progressivism at the National level
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Think About

• How did the reformers of recall and initiative
  help fight political corruption?

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Taft vs. Roosevelt

• After two terms in office Roosevelt wanted
  William Howard Taft to follow him because Taft
  shared his belief in regulating business and
  Roosevelt became disappointed and, later, angry.
• He began to speak out against Taft, promoting
  what he called New Nationalism.

• As another election neared, the Taft-Roosevelt
  battle split the Republican Party. A group of
  Progressives created the Progressive Party and
  nominated Roosevelt as its candidate for
  President

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Tafts Presidency

• Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to
  carry on the progressive program.
• However, he did not even appoint any Progressives
  to his Cabinet.
• He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs
  (taxes), but ended up signing a bill that added
  some highly protective tariff increases.

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The Presidents William Taft
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The Election of 1912
A Four-Way Election
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Women Make Progress!
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Florence Kelley

• Believed that unfair prices for household goods
  hurt women and their families, so she helped
  found the Nationalism Consumers League (NCL).

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Temperance-Womens Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU)

• Women tried to reduce the consumption of alcohol.
  

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Margaret Sanger

• Sought a different change. She thought that
  family life and womens health would improve if
  mothers had fewer children. Opened the nations
  first birth control clinic.

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Ida B. Wells

• Established the National Association of Colored
  Women, which helped African Americans families by
  providing childcare and education.

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National American Women Suffrage Association
(NAWSA)

• Formed by Carrie Chapman Catt, the group lobbied
  Congress for the right to vote and used the
  referendum process to try and get women the vote
  in individual states.
• By 1918, this strategy had helped women get the
  vote in several states.

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National Womens Party (NWP)

• Staged protest marches and hunger strikes and
  even picketed the White House to demand the right
  to vote.
• When the United States Entered World War I in
  1917, the NAWSA supported the war effort.
• Its actions and those of the NWP convinced a
  growing number of legislators to support a woman
  suffrage amendment.

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Women gain the right to vote!
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African Americans and Civil Rights

• Like most other progressives- Roosevelt failed to
  support the civil rights of African-Americans,
  although, he did support of few individual
  African-Americans.
• Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the
  White House as a symbolic gesture.

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Segregation

• Many Progressives shared the same prejudices
  against non-whites and other Americans.
• They also supported segregation, or separation of
  the races, and laws to limit minority voting.

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Supreme Court Cases Plessy vs. Furgeson
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Booker T. Washington

• -Washington was respected by powerful whites, but
  faced opposition from other African-Americans
  such as W.E.B. Du Bois, for his accommodation of
  segregationists and for blaming black poverty on
  blacks and urging them to accept discrimination.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• Believed that blacks should demand immediately
  all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
• Du Bois was part of the Niagara Movement, a group
  that called for rapid progress and more education
  for blacks.

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NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of
Colored Peopled.

• Planned to use the court system to fight for
  civil rights of African Americans, including the
  right to vote.

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The Presidents Woodrow Wilson
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Wilsons Policies as President

• Wilson was reformer who thought government she
  play an active role in the economy.

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• Wilsons Policies and President
• 1-Wilson tried to prevent manufactures from
  charged unfairly high prices. He cut tariffs on
  imported goods, which made foreign goods more
  competitive in the United States and forced U.S.
  producers to charge fair prices.

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• Wilsons Policies as President
• He also pushed for the creation of an income tax,
  which the 16th Amendment gave Congress the power
  to do.
• This tax more than made up for the money the
  government lost by lowering tariffs.

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Federal Reserve Act

• This law gave the government authority to
  supervise banks by placing national banks under
  the control of a Federal Reserve Board.

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Federal Trade Commission

• Monitored business practices to watch out for
  false advertising and dishonest labeling.
• Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act,
  which strengthened earlier antitrust laws by
  spelling out which business activities were
  illegal.

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The Limits of Progressivism

• The changes made by Progressives were limited to
  certain groups in the United States.
• Progressives championed municipal reforms, but
  did little for tenant or migrant farmers.
• Progressive Presidents took little action to
  pursue social justice reforms.

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• Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun
  under Taft, of separating the races in federal
  offices.
• At the 1912 Progressive Party convention,
  Roosevelt declined to seat black delegates from
  the South for fear of alienating white Southern
  Progressives.
• By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died.
• It was replaced by American concerns about World
  War I.

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Why the Progressive Era Was So Important

• Because Child Labor was banned!

Lewis Hine, the celebrated photographer
dedicated social reformer, captured the sad faces
of the children in the following photos.
Captions and quotes are from Hines published
works.
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Faces of Lost Youth
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Some boys and girls were so small they had to
climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken
threads and to put back the empty bobbins.
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Furman Owens, 12 years old. Cant read, doesnt
know his ABCs. Said, Yes, I want to learn, but
cant when I work all the time.