1-1 ????

1
???????

• ???
• 2007/4/911

2
??

• 1 ?????
• 2 ?????
• 3 ????????
• 4 ????????
• 5 ?????

3
???? (?)

• 1 ?????
• 1-1 ????????????
• 1-2 ????????????(???????????)
• 1-3 ??????????????(???????)
• 1-4 ????????????
• 1-5 ????????????

4
???? (?)

• 2 ?????
• 2-1 ????????????????????
• 2-2 ????????????
• 2-3 ????????????

5
???? (?)

• 3 ????????
• 3-1 ?????
• 3-2 ???????
• 3-3 ?????
• 3-4 ?????
• 3-5 ??????????

6
???? (?)

• 4 ????????
• 4-1 ?????
• 4-2 ??????
• 4-3 ??????DRT
• 4-4 ??????????

7
???? (?)

• 5 ?????
• 5-1 ???????
• ???????PK??????????PK??????
• The Meaning of Meaning?80???
• ???????
• ???????
• 5-2 ?????UG??
• No passive,no raising, there aren't any
  constructions any way,
• the grammatical constructions are left as
  artifacts.
• 5-3 ?????????
• 5-4 ??????

8
??0-1 ?????????????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????,
• ????????????????????
• ?? 1962???????????
• ??????????????,
• ???????????
• ?????????????????????????,
• ?? ????????????????????,
• ??????????????????

9
??0-2 ?????????

• ?(770 ?476) ????
• ?(722?481) ??
• ?( ? ?648) 43 ???
• ?( ? ?637) 13 ???
• ?( ? ?628) 8 ???
• ?( ? ?621) 39 ???
• ?( ? ?591) 23 ???
• ?(624??547) ???
• ?(552 ?479) ??
• ?(469?399) ????

10
??0-3 ???Metaphor??

• ???(?? ?)??????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ?????????
• ???(???? ??????)
• ???(???)
• ?????(??????????????)

11
????

• (Mo Morphemes, Wo words, Ph Phrases, Cl
  Clauses, Se Sentences, Te Texts
• 1. Semantic levels and approaches, 2. A phonetic
  approach, 3. A grammatical approach, 4. A logical
  approach, 5. A philosophical approach, 6. A
  pragmatic approach, 7. A cognitive approach, 8. A
  functional approach, 9. A stylistic approach, 10.
  A social approach, 11. An anthropological
  approach, 12. A semiotic approach, 13. A
  psychological approach, 14. A historical
  approach.)

12
??0-4

• ????????,????????????????,
• ????????????????????,
• ?????????????????,
• ????????????????,
• ???????????,
• ?????????
• (???162)

13

• The nature of these abilities remains as obscure
  and puzzling to us as it was to the Cartesians,
• but with the shift of perspective to internatist
  linguistics,
• I-languages is a system of discrete infinity,
• We have no idea what the outcome may be of
  todays efforts
• to unify the psychological and physiological
  levels of scientific inquiry
• into cognitive capacities of organisms,
• human language included.
• (????????1997,????)

14
??0-5

• ?????????,
• ????????
• ???????????????,
• ????????????????????
• ???,?????????????????(4)
• ??????????????

15

• ???????????????
• ?????????????????????????(8)
• ???????????,
• ??????????????,
• ????????????????,
• ??????????????

16

• ?????,???????????????,
• ??????????????????????????
• ???????????????,??????????
• ??????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????????????,
• ???????????????(11)

17

• ?????????????????,
• ???????????????
• ??????????
• ???????????????,
• ?????????????????,
• ?????????????

18

• ????????,
• ?????????????????????????,
• ????????(6)
• ??????????????????????
•   
• ?? ????????,
• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????

19
1-1 ????????????

• ????
• ????????? ??????????
• ????1??????
• ??????(????????? ???)
• ????(20??????????)
• gt?????????semantic primitives????
• ????2??????
• ?????????????????
• ????3??????
• ????gt????

20
???????

• ??1???????
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????
• whether total decomposability into such atoms is
  possible
• ???????????
• ????????????

21
1-2 ????????????(???????????)

• ????????????????????
• ????????? English as a Formal Language
• ????????(????????)
• ?? ??? ???

22
1-3 ????????????(???????)

• ????(UG??)
• ?????,?????
• ??Rule,??Rule
• PP??,?????

23
1-4 ????????????(1)

• ????
• 1989? ??????????,???????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ???????????????

24
1-4 ????????????(2)

• ??
• ????!?????(ICMs)????????????
• ?????Concepts belong to language system,
• their classification and origin are contentious.

25
1-4 ????????????(3)

• ??????
• ??1???????????(???????UG??)
• language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty
• ??2??????????(?????????TCS)
• grammar is conceptualization
• ??3????????????(????????????)
• knowledge of language emerges from language use
• (???????????
• peripheryCL residueNC)

26
1-4 ????????????(4)

• ????
• ??1??????????
• ?????????,???????????????
• ??2???????????????,
• ?????????????????????
• ??gt??frames????domains
• ?????gt??metaphor????deixis
• ???gt?????????purport???construal
• (This particular configuration of cognitive
  abilities is probably unique to language, but
  the component cognitive skills are not.)

27
1-4 ????????????(5)

• ????construal operation(COp)
• COp??
• Talmy??????????????????????????
• Langacker?????????????

28
1-4 ????????????

• This is essence of the representational approach
  to meaning
• people construct mental maps of the world.
  ??
• It is suggested that human inference, or thinking
  in general,
• may be founded on the ability to construct such
  spatial models
• (Johnson Laird 1996) ?????

29
1-4 ????????????

• This is why concepts cannot be prototypes
  ??????????
• (Fodor 1998, Hampton 2000)
• We acquire complex sentential concepts
  
• (Jackendoff 1996, Grammar of Sentential
  Concepts) ???,???????????
• This grammar can be on Jackendoffs conceptual
  constructs
• Thing,Event,State,Action,Place,Path,Property
  and Amount. ???????????????

30
1-5????????????(1)

• ?????????????????
• ??????
• ????1????????????????(1923)
• ?????????
• ????????????????????,
• ????????,?????????
• ?????????,???????,
• ?????????

31
1-5????????????(2)

• ????2????????(J.R.Firth and M.A.K.Halliday)
• (???????)
• ????????substance???form???situation
• ?????????7???
• ???????regulatory????interactional?????
• ???????imaginative????

32
2-1 ????????????????????(1)

• ???????? (????)
• ??1
• ??????????,??????????,
• ??????????????????????????(???)
• (????????????????????)
• ??2
• ???????????,
• ??????????????????,
• ???????????????????
• (????????108)

33
2-1 ????????????????????(2)

• ???????(????)
• ????(????)???,
• ???? ????????????
• ????(????)???
• ????????????????

34
2-1 ????????????????????(2a)

• Pragmatics is the study of interpretation from
  the perspective of psychology.
• In pragmatic discussions,the question is not
• what form the recovered information might take,
• but how it is recovered.
• The question that is asked is
• how does the hearer choose which interpretation
  to select,
• given the range of representations she might in
  principle construct.

35
2-1 ????????????????????(3)

• ???????(?????)
• ???????????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????,??????
• ??????????????,??????
• ?????????????,???????
• ????????????????
• (???????????,1946,1938)
• (?????????1942)

36
2-1 ????????????????????

• But postulating a theoretical construct called
  mental representation will not to do we have
  to say what these representations are
• and how they work. ??
• The simplest available solution is to say
  
• that the meaning of a word is an image
• in the speakers or hearers mind. ???

37
2-1 ????????????????????

• But what is an image of, say dog?
• ????
• Finally there are words which
• do not have obvious images,
• such as serendipity, integrity and many
  others
  ??!??????!

38
2-2 ??????? ?????

• locutionary acts
• ????????????????
• illocutionary acts
• ????????????????
• perlocutionary acts
• ?????????

39
2-2 ??????? ?????

• ???? ???
• ?????,?????

40
2-3 ??????? ?????

• theme and rheme ??????
• topic and comment ????
• given and new ????(?????)
• topic and focus ????(?????)
• focus and background (?????)
• Not all sentences have topic,
• while all sentences have informational focus.
• Focus means prosodic,syntactic or informational
  prominence.

41
2-3 ??????? ?????

• Context??????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ?????????

42
3-1 ?????

• ????????????,
• ???????????????
• ???????????
• I believe that theres no word-thing relation,
• the question why there is no word-thing relation
  is at the moment too hard.

43
3-2 ???????

• ????????????,?????????????
• ?????????

44
3-3?????

• ?????????????
• ??????????
• Conceptual Scheme ???? ??????
• ????????
• ?? ?? ????
• Fillmore ???? role val. Rel
• Lakotf, Goldberg ?????? ????
• Croft (2001) ?????? ??
• Langacker ??

45
3-4 ?????

• ????????????????
• ??????????????
• CMT?BT(Blending Theory)

46
3-5 ??????????

• ????????????
• ????parsing ?????????????
• ????????????????
• ???????????????????

47
4-1 ?????(1)

• ??????????,??????????
• The notion of topic is an intuitively
  satisfactory way of describing the unifying
  principle which
• makes one stretch of discourse about something
  and the next stretch about something else.
• (Brown and Yule 198370)
• ??????????????,???????????????????
• ??????????Grice?????????
• ?????????,???????????????co-text,?????????pool?

48
4-1 ?????(2)

• ????????
• ????(????)?????,????????????thematic paragraphs?
• ???????,????????????????????
• ????(??????recovering)
• ???????,???????????????,????????

49
4-2??????(????????)

• ??????(H.Grice)?????,
• ?????????????
• ?????4?????
• ???(????)
• ???(???)
• ????(??)
• ????(??)
•  A Is George a good cook?
• B Hes a Frenchman.

50
4-3??????DRT

• ??????????????????????
• ???????
• ??????
• gt????????????
• gt????????????
•  
• H.Kamp ?I.Heim (1980, 1990)
• ??(??)???????????
• Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.

51
4-4 ??????????

• ??1(????)
• Semantics as the study of meaning in natural
  languages,
• and pragmatics as the study of how utterances are
  interpreted,
• might seem to be one and the same study.
• ??2(????)
• ?????????,
• ?????????

52
5-1 ???????(1)

• ???????mental entities?
• ?????????
• Concepts can be either innate or acquired,
  primitive or composed of simpler concepts,
• but both the classification and the principles of
  classification
• are still largely a matter of hypotheses and
  philosophical arguments
• than reliable scientific findings.

53
5-1 ???????(1a)

• The essential problem with concepts is they have
  fuzzy boundaries.
• The term concept is itself rather problematic.
• On the one hand, it can be grasped like a
  physical object,
• and, on the other, it is private, located in the
  persons mind.
• While concepts have been defined in various ways,
• the questions remain as to
• (1) how they arise in the human mind and
• (2) what belongs to this set of concepts.(2002)

54
5-1 ???????(2)

• ???????PK??????????PK??????
• PK1
• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????
• Some words were supposed to be learned by
  pointing at an object
• and saying that is X
• (???????,?????,?????)

55
5-1 ???????(3)

• PK2
• Meaning is a purely mental entity.
• Meanings are not in the head
• they are in the word.
•  
• The Meaning of Meaning?80????
• ???????????????????????

56
5-2?????UG??(1)

• ???
• ??????????
• Children are not specially designed for one or
  other (language), so it must be that
• the basic structure of language is essentially
  uniform
• and is coming from inside, not from outside.
• Thats the research strategy.

57
5-2?????UG??(2)

• ???????
• NP?????recursive
• ??????????(?1950???1970??)
• ???????????????(1980????)

58
5-2?????UG??(3)

• ????????,????,????(???)?
• ???????????
• ?????????????,
• ???????????????,
• ?? ????????????????recursive generative procedure?

59
5-2?????UG??(4)

• ????(20??60??)?? ???????
• there was something wrong with the whole notion
  of rule system and construction.
• ?????????????
• John is expected to be intelligent
• ???????? John seems to be intelligent?raising
  construction?
• ???? ??????
• No passive, no raising,
• there aren't any constructions any way,
• the grammatical constructions are left as
  artifacts

60
5-3 ?????????(1)

• ?11979??????????????????????,
• ????????????????
• ?120???????????paradox??,
• ??????????????????,
• ???????????
• ????????gt??????????(a huge proliferation)?
• ?????????????????,
• ????????????????,
• ?????????????,
• ??????????????(???)?????,
• ???????????????????

61
5-3 ?????????(2)

• ???????????,
• ???????????,
• ??????????????,
• ???????????????????,
• ??????????????
• ????????????

62
5-3 ?????????(3)

• 1960?? ?????????????,
• ????????????????residue????,
• X-bar??????????????,
• ??????????????????????
• ????????????,
• ????????????????

63
5.4 ?????? ????,????,?????

• ????? ????????(????)???? ???????
• ??????,???????,???????????????,???????????????,?
  ??????????????,????,?????????,??????
• ????? ?????,?????,?????????????????? ???????
• ?????????? ????????????,???????,???????,???????,
  ???????

64
5.4 ?????? ????,????,?????

• ?????? ??????,??????,???????
• ???? ???????,???? ?????????
• ?????? ???????????? ???????
• ????????,????????????????? ??????????????

65
5.4

• ??????,??????????????????,
• ???,????????????????????
• (???21-22)

66
5.4

• ???????????????????????????????,
• ????????(???)??????
• ????????????????????????????????,
• ???????????
• ??????????????????????,
• ????????????????????????
• (???103)

67
5.4

• ??????????????????????,
• ??????????????????
• (???49)
•  
•  
• ?????????,????????,????????
• (???149)