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Title: Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers


1
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by
    positron emission tomography
  • Biological Psychiatry 42 495-508

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
2
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • Introduction
  • is there a biological basis for criminality?
  • PET scans
  • radioactive labels on
  • blood/blood sugars
  • dopamine (neuro-transmitter)
  • ? gamma ray signals
  • 7-8M ps
  • also MRI and fMRI

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
3
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
PET scans showing hot spots for cognitive
activities
4
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • introduction problems
  • colourisation v complex ? errors
  • 'hot spots' same for 'on 'off' brain actions
  • practiced brain activity declines in that area
  • ?'hottest spots' only for newest tasks?
  • "it seems we should not let the quality of
    evidence get in the way of a good story" Banyard
    and Grayson 2000

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
5
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
PET scan of a subject whilst practicing a new
language skill
Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
6
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • the study subjects
  • 41 people 39M 2F
  • charged with murder
  • pleading not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
  • all referred for PET for legal reasons
  • average age 34.3

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
7
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • the study subjects medical histories
  • schizophrenia 6
  • head injury/organic brain damage 23
  • drug abuse 3
  • affective disorder 2
  • epilepsy 2
  • hyperactivity or learning disorder 3
  • personality disorder 2

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
8
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • the study controls
  • 1 for each subject
  • matched for age / sex
  • schizophrenics with non-murderer schizophrenics
  • all controls screened for mental/physical health

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
9
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • the study the PET process
  • injection with glucose tracer
  • 32 mins on target recognition task
  • NRGI/controls compared re 14 LR brain areas
  • 6 cortical
  • inc prefrontal parietal temporal occipital
  • 8 sub cortical
  • inc corpus callosum amygdala hippocampus

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
10
Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
11
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • the study ANOVA
  • statistical comparison
  • ANalysis Of VAriance
  • compares a range of factors

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
12
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • results cortical areas
  • differences in activity in lobes of cerebral
    cortex cf controls
  • parietal pre-fontal less activity ?
  • occipital more activity ?
  • temporal same ?

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
13
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • results sub cortical areas
  • less activity in corpus callosum cf controls
  • a sub-cortical area ?
  • cf Sperry

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
14
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • results sub cortical areas
  • imbalance between hemispheres cf controls in
  • amygdala hippocampus less activity L / more R
  • thalamus - more activity R / same L
  • handedness made no difference
  • ethnicity made no difference
  • head injury patients corpus callosum only
    difference

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
15
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • discussion authors (1)
  • supports previous findings
  • amygdala (part of limbic system) differences
    (linked to emotions lack of fear)
  • corpus callosum differences linked to lack of
    long term perspective?
  • cautious about implications

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
16
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • discussion authors (2)
  • results
  • do not show violence is only biological in origin
  • do not show NGRIs not responsible for their own
    actions
  • do no say anything about causes of differences
  • cannot be generalised from NGRIs to other violent
    offenders
  • cannot be generalised to other types of crime

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
17
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • discussion other issues
  • imaging methods still being developed
  • pre-scan task no bearing on violent behaviour
  • NGRIs not necessarily charged with violent act
  • cause ? effect of brain differences unclear

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
18
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • discussion practical applications
  • diagnosis of criminality?
  • no clear evidence to support this
  • treatment of criminality
  • no clear evidence to support this

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
19
Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in
murderers
  • discussion summary
  • data unclear
  • differences small
  • cause-effect unknown
  • meaning of differences unknown

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk
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