Nonrenewable Energy Resources

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Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Nonrenewable Energy

• Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels
  (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.

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Energy Sources

• Modern society requires large quantities of
  energy that are generated from the earths
  natural resources.
• Primary Energy Resources The fossil fuels(oil,
  gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water,
  geothermal, and solar energy.
• Secondary Energy Resources Those sources which
  are derived from primary resources such as
  electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural
  gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol
  fuels.

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Thermodynamics

• The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things
  about converting heat energy from steam to work
• 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100
  efficient because a portion of the heat is
  wasted.
• 2) The efficiency of converting heat to work
  increases as the heat temperature increases.

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Energy Units and Use

• Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy
  required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
  water by 1 ºF.
• cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to
  raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC.
  Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
• 1 Btu 252 cal 0.252 kcal
• 1 Btu 1055 J (joule) 1.055 kJ
• 1 cal 4.184 J

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Energy Units and Use

• Two other units that are often seen are the
  horsepower and the watt. These are not units of
  energy, but are units of power.
• 1 watt (W) 3.412 Btu / hour
• 1 horsepower (hp) 746 W
• Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to
  describe electrical energy. Usually we use
  kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
• quad (Q) - used for describing very large
  quantities of energy. 1 Q 1015 Btu

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Energy Use

• Commercial energy sources- those that are bought
  and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.
• Subsistence energy sources- those gathered by
  individuals for their own use such as wood,
  charcoal and animal waste.

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Changes in U.S. Energy Use
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Energy resources removed from the earths crust
include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
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Process of Energy Use
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Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles
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Electricity Generation
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Electricity Generation

• The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to
  water, which becomes steam.
• The kinetic energy contained within the steam is
  transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large
  device that resembles a fan.
• As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the
  shaft in the center of the turbine turns the
  generator.
• This mechanical motion generates energy.

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Energy Efficiency

• Most coal burning power plants are about 35
  efficient.

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Cogeneration

• Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate
  electricity and to produce heat.
• Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes
  or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a
  turbine first.
• This improves the efficiency to as high as 90.

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Coal

• Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the
  remains of trees, ferns, and other plant
  materials that were preserved 280-360 million
  years ago.
• Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater
  age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.
• These four types are lignite, sub-bituminous,
  bituminous, and anthracite.
• The largest coal reserves are in the United
  States, Russia, China, and India.

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Coal
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Ranks of Coal

• Lignite A brownish-black coal of low quality
  (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high
  inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy
  content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
• Subbituminous Black lignite, is dull black and
  generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture
  Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
• Bituminous most common coal is dense and black
  (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull
  material). Its moisture content usually is less
  than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu
  / lb.
• Anthracite A hard, black lustrous coal, often
  referred to as hard coal, containing a high
  percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage
  of volatile matter. Energy content of about
  14,000 Btu/lb.

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Main Coal Deposits
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal
Advantages Disadvantages
Energy-dense Contains impurities
Plentiful (300 years of use remaining) Release impurities into air when burned
Easy to exploit by surface mining Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal
Technological demands are small Combustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere.
Economic costs are low Ash is left behind
Easy to handle and transport Carbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change
Needs little refining Major threat to health
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Acid Mine Drainage

• The impact of mine drainage on a lake after
  receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings
  impoundment for over 50 years

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Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
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Petroleum

• Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and
  sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.
• Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile
  combustion, such as vehicles.
• Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling
  phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago.
• Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi
  Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China,
  Canada, and Mexico.

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Petroleum
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Oil in U.S.

• 2.3 of world reserves
• uses nearly 30 of world reserves
• 65 for transportation
• increasing dependence on imports.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenient to transport and use Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere
Relatively energy-dense Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported
Cleaner-burning than coal Some water pollution
Low Cost with subsidies Ample supply for about 50 years Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned When price is low discourages alternate choices encourages waste
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Natural Gas

• Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum
  in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits
  separate from petroleum.
• Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20
  percent ethane, propane, and butane.

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Sources of Natural Gas

• Russia Kazakhstan - almost 40 of world's
  supply.
• Iran (15), Qatar (5), Saudi Arabia (4),
  Algeria (4), United States (3), Nigeria (3),
  Venezuela (3)
• 9095 of natural gas in U.S. domestic (411,000
  km 255,000 miles of pipeline).

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billion cubic metres
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Advantages and Disadvantages Natural Gas
Advantages Disadvantages
Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere
Emits only 60 as much carbon dioxide as coal Ample supplies up to 150 years Low cost with huge subsidies Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater Shipped across oceans as highly flammable LNG
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Other Fossil Fuels

• Oil sands- slow-flowing, viscous deposits of
  bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.
• Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of
  petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates
  close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize
  some of the light hydrocarbons and others
  evaporate.

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The Hubbert Curve

• Hubbert curve- a graph that shows the point at
  which world oil production would reach a maximum
  and the point at which we would run out of oil.

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The Future of Fossil Fuel Use

• If current global use continues, we will run out
  of conventional oil in less than 40 years.
• Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years,
  and probably much longer.

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• Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide
  into the atmosphere and thus promotes global
  warming.
• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and
  nuclear power.

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Nuclear Energy

• Fission- a nuclear reaction in which a neutron
  strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which
  then splits into two or more parts.

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Nuclear Reactors
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Nuclear Reactors

• Fuel rods- the cylindrical tubes that house the
  nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.
• Nuclear power plants work by using heat from
  nuclear fission to heat water. This water
  produces the steam to turn the turbine, which
  turns a generator.
• Control rods- cylindrical devices that can be
  inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess
  neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission
  reaction.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
No air pollution is produced Possibility of accidents
Countries can limit their need for imported oil Emits 1/6 as much pollution as coal Low environmental impact if no accidents Disposal of the radioactive waste High cost even with high subsidies Spreads knowledge for nuclear weapons Low net energy yield
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Radioactive Waste

• Radioactive waste- once the nuclear fuel can not
  produce enough heat to be used in a power plant
  but it continues to emit radioactivity.
• This waste must be stored in special, highly
  secure locations because of the danger to living
  organisms.

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Radioactive Waste

• High-level radioactive waste- the form used in
  fuel rods.
• Low-level radioactive waste- the protective
  clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in
  routine plant maintenance.

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Chernobyl

• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
  radioactive debris into atmosphere
• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths
• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
  homes
• 160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
• gt Half million people exposed to dangerous levels
  of radioactivity
• Cost of incident gt 358 billion

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Three Mile Island

• March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA
  lost coolant water because of mechanical and
  human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
• 50,000 people evacuated another 50,000 fled
  area
• Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
• Partial cleanup damages cost 1.2 billion
• Released radiation increased cancer rates.

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Fusion

• Nuclear fusion- the reaction that powers the Sun
  and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei
  are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and
  heat is released.
• Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy
  in the future, but so far scientists have had
  difficulty cotaining the heat that is produced.