Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

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Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
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Continental Effects Monsoon

• Winter
• Ocean warmer than land
• Rising air over ocean
• Summer
• Land warmer than ocean
• Rising air over land

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Atmospheric Circulation
July in the Northern Hemisphere Land warmer
than sea Low pressure over land
January in the Northern Hemisphere Sea warmer
than land Low pressure over ocean
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Wind-Driven Circulation(Gyre Circulation)
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Ekman Spiral Friction Coriolis

• Wind Friction ? Currents slow with depth
• Coriolis deflects current to right
• Summed over depth ? total transport 900 to right
  of wind Ekman Transport

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Ekman Upwelling and Downwelling
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Biologically Productive AreasPrecipitation on
LandUpwelling in Ocean
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Precipitation minus Evaporation

• P-E freshwater input to ocean
• Patterns follows the ascending and descending
  branches of atm circulation cells
• ? sea surface salinity

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Sea Surface Salinity (per mil or psu)
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Thermohaline Circulation(Conveyor Belt)
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Hydrothermal Vents at the Sea Floor
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